EXPLANATORY NOTE

An offering statement pursuant to Regulation A relating to these securities has been filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”). Information contained in this preliminary offering circular is subject to completion or amendment. These securities may not be sold nor may offers to buy be accepted before the offering statement filed with the Commission is qualified. This preliminary offering circular shall not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy nor may there be any sales of these securities in any state in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful before registration or qualification under the laws of any such state. We may elect to satisfy our obligation to deliver a final offering circular by sending you a notice within two business days after the completion of our sale to you that contains the URL where the final offering circular or the offering statement in which such final offering circular was filed may be obtained.

PRELIMINARY OFFERING CIRCULAR

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION; DATED APRIL 21, 2022

Arrived Homes II, LLC 

500 Yale Avenue North

Seattle, WA 98109

(814) 277-4833

www.arrivedhomes.com

Best Efforts Offering of Series Membership Interests

Arrived Homes II, LLC, which we refer to as “we,” “us,” “our,” “Arrived” or “our company,” is a newly organized Delaware series limited liability company that has been formed to permit public investment in individual real estate properties that will be owned by individual series of our company. Each series may hold the specific property that it acquires directly or in a wholly-owned subsidiary, which would be a limited liability company organized under laws of the state in which the series property is located. We are offering on a best efforts, no minimum basis, the membership interests of each of the series of our company set forth in the Series Offering Table. The sale of membership interests is being facilitated by a broker-dealer registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and a member of FINRA which is registered in each state where the offer or sales of the interests will occur.

All of the series of our company being offered may collectively be referred to in this offering circular as the “series” and each, individually, as a “series.”  The interests of all series may collectively be referred to in this offering circular as the “interests” and each, individually, as an “interest” and the offerings of the interests may collectively be referred to in this offering circular as the “offerings” and each, individually, as an “offering.” See “Description of the Securities Being Offered” for additional information regarding the interests.

The per interest purchase price of the series interests being offered hereunder is set forth in the Series Offering table. The per interest price will be adjusted at the beginning of each quarterly period, or such other period as determined by our manager in its sole discretion, but no less frequently than semi-annually, to the net asset value (“NAV”) per interest for such series. Investors will pay the most recent publicly announced purchase price as of the date of their subscription. See “Description of the Securities Being Offered⸺Valuation Policies” for additional information regarding the NAV and how it will be calculated.

Although we do not intent to limit our interests for trading on a stock exchange or other trading market, we have adopted a redemption plan designed to provide our investors with limited liquidity for their investment in our interests.

Our series offerings are conducted as a continuous offering pursuant to Rule 251(d)(3) of Regulation A, meaning that while the offering of a particular series is continuous, active sales of series interests may happen sporadically over the term of the offering. The term of each series offering will commence within two calendar days after the qualification date of the offering statement of which this offering circular is a part and end no later than the second anniversary of the qualification date of the offering statement.

There will be a separate closing, or closings, with respect to each series offering. An initial closing of a series offering will take place on the earliest to occur of (i) the date subscriptions for the maximum number of series interests have been accepted, (ii) a date determined by the manager in its sole discretion and (iii) the date that is one week prior to three months after the date that a particular series offering begins. Additionally, any subsequent series closing following such initial closing will take place on the earliest to occur of (i) the date subscriptions for the maximum number of series interests have been accepted, (ii) a date determined by the manager in its sole discretion and (iii) the date that is three months after the prior closing for the relevant series offering. A fully executed subscription agreement for any particular investor in a series offering will be accepted or rejected by the manager within 15 days of being received by the series.

If an initial closing has not occurred, a series offering will be terminated upon the earliest to occur of (i) the date immediately following the date one week prior to three months after the date the series offering begins and (ii) any date on which the manager elects to terminate the offering for a particular series in its sole discretion.  No securities are being offered by existing security-holders.

Each offering is being conducted on a “best efforts” basis pursuant to Regulation A of Section 3(6) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), for Tier 2 offerings. The company is not offering, and does not anticipate selling, interests in any of the offerings in any state where the broker-dealer is not registered as such. 

The subscription funds advanced by prospective investors as part of the subscription process with respect to a particular series will be held in a non-interest bearing escrow account with North Capital Private Securities Corporation (“North Capital”), and will not be commingled with the operating account of that series, until, if and when there is a closing with respect to that investor and that series.  See “Plan of Distribution and Subscription Procedure” and “Description of the Securities Being Offered” for additional information.

There is currently no public trading market for any of our series interests, and an active market for these interests may not develop or be sustained.

All funds paid by subscribers in the offering will be deposited in an escrow account with North Capital, as escrow agent.

This offering circular contains forward-looking statements which are based on current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments that are difficult to predict. Neither the company nor the manager can guarantee future performance, or that future developments affecting the company, the manager or the platform will be as currently anticipated. These forward-looking statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties (some of which are beyond our control) or other assumptions that may cause actual results or performance to be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Please see “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” for additional information. The interests offered hereby are highly speculative in nature and involve a high degree of risk.  See “Risk Factors” below for a discussion of other material risks of investing in our interests.

Generally, no sale may be made to you in any offering if the aggregate purchase price you pay is more than 10% of the greater of your annual income or your net worth. Different rules apply to accredited investors and non-natural persons. Before making any representation that your investment does not exceed applicable thresholds, we encourage you to review Rule 251(d)(2)(i)(C) of Regulation A. For general information on investing, we encourage you to refer to www.investor.gov.

THE U.S. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION DOES NOT PASS UPON THE MERITS OF OR GIVE ITS APPROVAL TO ANY SECURITIES OFFERED OR THE TERMS OF ANY OFFERING, NOR DOES IT PASS UPON THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF ANY OFFERING CIRCULAR OR OTHER SOLICITATION MATERIALS. THESE SECURITIES ARE OFFERED PURSUANT TO AN EXEMPTION FROM REGISTRATION WITH THE COMMISSION; HOWEVER, THE COMMISSION HAS NOT MADE AN INDEPENDENT DETERMINATION THAT THE SECURITIES OFFERED ARE EXEMPT FROM REGISTRATION.

This offering circular is following the offering circular format described in Part II (a)(1)(i) of Form 1-A.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

STATE LAW EXEMPTION AND PURCHASE RESTRICTIONS

Our interests are being offered and sold only to “qualified purchasers” (as defined in Regulation A under the Securities Act). As a Tier 2 offering pursuant to Regulation A under the Securities Act, this offering will be exempt from state law “Blue Sky” registration requirements, subject to meeting certain state filing requirements and complying with certain anti-fraud provisions, to the extent that our interests offered hereby are offered and sold only to “qualified purchasers” or at a time when our interests are listed on a national securities exchange. “Qualified purchasers” include: (i) “accredited investors” under Rule 501(a) of Regulation D and (ii) all other investors so long as their investment in our interests does not represent more than 10% of the greater of their annual income or net worth (for natural persons), or 10% of the greater of annual revenue or net assets at fiscal year-end (for non-natural persons). Accordingly, we reserve the right to reject any investor’s subscription in whole or in part for any reason, including if we determine in our sole and absolute discretion that such investor is not a “qualified purchaser” for purposes of Regulation A.

For purposes of determining whether a potential investor is a “qualified purchaser,” annual income and net worth should be calculated as provided in the “accredited investor” definition under Rule 501 of Regulation D. In particular, net worth in all cases should be calculated excluding the value of an investor’s home, home furnishings and automobiles.

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

The information contained in this offering circular includes some statements that are not historical and that are considered “forward-looking statements.”  Such forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding our development plans for our business; our strategies and business outlook; anticipated development of our company, the manager, each series of our company and the Arrived Homes platform (defined below); and various other matters (including contingent liabilities and obligations and changes in accounting policies, standards and interpretations).  These forward-looking statements express the manager’s expectations, hopes, beliefs, and intentions regarding the future.  In addition, without limiting the foregoing, any statements that refer to projections, forecasts or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, are forward-looking statements.  The words “anticipates,” “believes,” “continue,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “might,” “plans,” “possible,” “potential,” “predicts,” “projects,” “seeks,” “should,” “will,” “would” and similar expressions and variations, or comparable terminology, or the negatives of any of the foregoing, may identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking.

The forward-looking statements contained in this offering circular are based on current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments that are difficult to predict.  Neither our company nor the manager can guarantee future performance, or that future developments affecting our company, the manager or the Arrived Homes platform will be as currently anticipated.  These forward-looking statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties (some of which, including the impact of the COVID-19 coronavirus, are beyond our control) or other assumptions that may cause actual results or performance to be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements.

All forward-looking statements attributable to us are expressly qualified in their entirety by these risks and uncertainties.  These risks and uncertainties, along with others, are also described below under the headings “Summary – Summary Risk Factors” and “Risk Factors.” Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should any of the parties’ assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary in material respects from those projected in these forward-looking statements.  You should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements and should not make an investment decision based solely on these forward-looking statements.  We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws.

MARKET AND OTHER INDUSTRY DATA

This offering circular includes market and other industry data and estimates that are based on our management’s knowledge and experience in the markets in which we operate. The sources of such data generally state that the information they provide has been obtained from sources they believe to be reliable, but we have not investigated or verified the accuracy and completeness of such information. Our own estimates are based on information obtained from our and our affiliates’ experience in the markets in which we operate and from other contacts in these markets. We are responsible for all of the disclosure in this offering circular, and we believe our estimates to be accurate as of the date of this offering circular or such other date stated in this offering circular. However, this information may prove to be inaccurate because of the method by which we obtained some of the data for the estimates or because this information cannot always be verified with complete certainty due to the limits on the availability and reliability of raw data, the voluntary nature of the data gathering process and other limitations and uncertainties. As a result, you should be aware that market and other industry data included in this offering circular, and estimates and beliefs based on that data, may not be reliable.

SERIES OFFERING TABLE

The table below shows key information related to the offering of each series.

RISK FACTORS

An investment in our series interests involves risks.  In addition to other information contained elsewhere in this offering circular, you should carefully consider the following risks before acquiring our interests offered by this offering circular.  The occurrence of any of the following risks could materially and adversely affect the business, prospects, financial condition or results of operations of our company, the ability of our company to make cash distributions to the holders of interests and the market price of our interests, which could cause you to lose all or some of your investment in our interests.  Some statements in this offering circular, including statements in the following risk factors, constitute forward-looking statements.  See “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Risks Relating to the Structure, Operation and Performance of our Company

The current novel coronavirus, or COVID-19, pandemic or the future outbreak of any other highly infectious or contagious diseases, could materially and adversely impact or cause disruption to our performance, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and ability to pay distributions. Further, the pandemic has caused disruptions in the U.S. and global economies and financial markets and created widespread business continuity issues of an as yet unknown magnitude and duration.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and measures to prevent its spread could materially negatively impact our ability to launch and operate our business and our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity in a number of ways, including:

The extent of the COVID-19 pandemic’s effect on our operational and financial performance will depend on future developments including the duration, spread and intensity of the outbreak, all of which are uncertain and difficult to predict.  Due to the speed with which the situation is developing, we are not able at this time to estimate the effect of these factors on our business, but the adverse impact on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition could be material.

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a general decline in real estate transactions and may adversely affect our growth prospects in the near term, and possibly for an extended period, depending upon the duration of the pandemic and its effects on the economy generally and the real estate market more particularly.

The COVID-19 crisis may adversely affect our new series offerings, primarily because equity and debt financing for real estate transactions is constrained. In addition, the crisis has made it more difficult to execute transactions as people work from home and are unable to visit properties, local governmental offices are closed and third parties providing survey, appraisal, insurance, environmental and similar services have more limited capacities. These conditions may adversely affect our ability to maintain our operations while they persist.

We are a newly formed entity with minimal prior operating history, which makes our future performance difficult to predict.

We are a newly formed entity and have minimal prior operating history. You should consider an investment in our interests in light of the risks, uncertainties and difficulties frequently encountered by other newly formed companies with similar objectives. To be successful in this market, we and the manager must, among other things: 

We have minimal operating capital and for the foreseeable future will be dependent upon our ability to finance our operations from the sale of equity or other financing alternatives. The failure to successfully raise operating capital could result in our bankruptcy or other event which would have a material adverse effect on us and our investors. There can be no assurance that we will achieve our investment objectives.

An investment in a series offering constitutes only an investment in that series and not in our company or directly in any property.

An investor in an offering will acquire an ownership interest in the series related to that offering and not, for the avoidance of doubt, in (i) our company, (ii) any other series, (iii) the manager, or (iv) directly in a property associated with the series or any property owned by any other series.  This results in limited voting rights of the investor, which are solely related to a particular series, and are further limited by the operating agreement, described further herein. Investors will have voting rights only with respect to certain matters, primarily relating to amendments to the operating agreement that would adversely change the rights of the interest holders and removal of the manager for “cause.”  The manager thus retains significant control over the management of our company, each series and the series properties.  Furthermore, because the interests in a series do not constitute an investment in our company as a whole, holders of the interests in a series are not expected to receive any economic benefit from, or be subject to the liabilities of, the assets of any other series.  In addition, the economic interest of a holder in a series will not be identical to owning a direct undivided interest in a property.

Each of our company’s series will hold an interest in a single property, a non-diversified investment.

We intend for each of our series, either directly or through its wholly-owned subsidiary, to own and operate a single property.  Each series’ return on its investment will depend on the revenues generated by such property and the appreciation of the value of the property over time.  These, in turn, are determined by such factors as national and local economic cycles and conditions, financial markets and the economy, competition from existing properties as well as future properties and government regulation (such as tax and building code charges).  The value of a property may decline substantially after a series purchases it.

Each of our series will own a single property and as a result of this non-diversified investment strategy, unanticipated capital expenditures could lead to a series’ inability to pay dividends or the loss of your investment entirely.

Each series’ dividend stream will depend on the revenues generated by such property and the appreciation of the value of the property over time.  Additionally, a series might not be able to fund an unexpected major capital expenditure and this could lead to a complete loss of your investment.

We have no historical financial operations and only recently commenced operations.

Our company was recently formed in February 2022. Our first two series were formed in the first quarter of 2022 and will commence operations upon the closing of the purchase of the properties by such series, which will take place in the second quarter of 2022.

There can be no guarantee that our company will reach its funding target from potential investors with respect to any series or future proposed series.

Due to the start-up nature of our company, there can be no guarantee that our company will reach its funding target from potential investors with respect to any series or future proposed series.  In the event our company does not reach a funding target, it may not be able to achieve its investment objectives by acquiring additional properties through the issuance of further series interests and monetizing them to generate distributions for investors.  In addition, if our company is unable to raise funding for additional series, this may impact any investors already holding interests as they will not see the benefits which arise from economies of scale following the acquisition by other series of additional properties.

We may not be able to control our operating costs or our expenses may remain constant or increase, even if our revenues do not increase, causing our results of operations to be adversely affected.

Factors that may adversely affect our ability to control operating costs include the need to pay for insurance and other operating costs, including real estate taxes, which could increase over time, the need periodically to repair, renovate and re-lease our single family home properties, the cost of compliance with governmental regulation, including zoning, environmental and tax laws, the potential for liability under applicable laws, interest rate levels, principal loan amounts and the availability of financing. If our operating costs increase as a result of any of the foregoing factors, our results of operations may be adversely affected.

The expense of owning and operating a property is not necessarily reduced when circumstances such as market factors and competition cause a reduction in income from a property. As a result, if revenues decline, we may not be able to reduce our expenses accordingly. Costs associated with real estate investments, such as real estate taxes, insurance, loan payments and maintenance, generally will not be reduced even if a property is not fully occupied or other circumstances cause our revenues to decrease. If we are unable to decrease operating costs when demand for our properties decreases and our revenues decline, our financial condition, results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our investors may be adversely affected.

Competition could limit our ability to acquire attractive investment opportunities and increase the costs of those opportunities which may adversely affect us, including our profitability, and impede our growth

The real estate market is highly competitive. We will compete with other entities engaged in real estate investment activities to locate suitable single family homes to acquire and purchasers for our properties. These competitors will include REITs, private real estate funds, domestic and foreign financial institutions, life insurance companies, pension trusts, partnerships and individual investors. Some of these competitors have substantially greater marketing and financial resources than we will have and generally may be able to accept more risk than we can prudently manage, including risks with respect to the creditworthiness of tenants. Competition from these entities may reduce the number of suitable investment opportunities offered to us or increase the bargaining power of property owners seeking to sell.

In addition, these same entities seek financing through similar channels to our company. Disruptions or dislocations in the credit markets could impact the cost and availability of debt to finance real estate investments, which is a key component of our acquisition strategy. A downturn in the credit markets and a potential lack of available debt could limit our ability to pursue suitable investment opportunities and create a competitive advantage for other entities that have greater financial resources than we do. In addition, the number of entities and the amount of funds competing for suitable investments may increase. If we acquire investments at higher prices and/or by using less-than-ideal capital structures, our returns will be lower and the value of our respective assets may not appreciate or may decrease significantly below the amount we paid for such assets. This competition could increase prices for properties of the type we may pursue and adversely affect our profitability and impede our growth.

Competition may impede our ability to attract or retain tenants or re-lease space, which could adversely affect our results of operations and cash flow.

The leasing of residential real estate is highly competitive.  We will compete based on a number of factors that include location, rental rates, security, suitability of a property’s design to prospective tenants’ needs and the manner in which a property is operated and marketed. The number of competing properties could have a material effect on our occupancy levels, rental rates and on the operating expenses of certain of our properties.  If other lessors and developers of similar spaces in our markets offer leases at prices comparable to or less than the prices we offer on the properties we acquire, we may be unable to attract or retain tenants or re-lease space in our properties, which could adversely affect our results of operations and cash flow.

Investments we make will be consistent with our intention for each series to qualify to be taxed as a REIT unless the manager determines that not qualifying as a REIT is in the best interests of a series.

We intend for each of the series to elect and qualify to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. REIT limitations restrict us from making investments that would cause less than 75% of the assets of a series to be comprised of assets other than real estate assets, cash and cash items (including receivables) and certain governmental securities, all as defined in the Internal Revenue Code. In addition, in order to maintain each of our series’ status as a REIT, we must meet certain income tests with respect to our gross income and certain additional tests with respect to our assets.

Subject to REIT limitations, a series may invest in the equity interests of other issuers in connection with acquisitions of indirect interests in real estate. Such an investment would normally be in the form of a general or limited partnership or membership interests in special purpose partnerships and limited liability companies that own one or more properties.

We may fail to successfully operate acquired properties, which could adversely affect us and impede our growth.

The manager’s ability to identify and acquire properties on favorable terms and successfully develop, redevelop and/or operate them may be exposed to significant risks. Agreements for the acquisition of properties are subject to customary conditions to closing, including completion of due diligence investigations and other conditions that are not within our control, which may not be satisfied.  We may be unable to complete an acquisition after incurring certain acquisition-related costs. In addition, if mortgage debt is unavailable at reasonable rates, we may be unable to finance the acquisition on favorable terms in the time period we desire, or at all. We may also spend more than budgeted to make necessary improvements or renovations to acquired properties and may not be able to obtain adequate insurance coverage for new properties.  Any delay or failure to identify, negotiate, finance and consummate such acquisitions in a timely manner and on favorable terms, or operate acquired properties to meet our financial expectations, could impede our growth and have an adverse effect on us, including our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow and the market value of our interests.

Disruptions in the financial markets or deteriorating economic conditions could adversely impact the residential real estate market, which could hinder our ability to implement our business strategy and generate returns to you.

The success of our business is significantly related to general economic conditions and, accordingly, our business could be harmed by an economic slowdown and downturn in real estate asset values. Periods of economic slowdown or recession, significantly rising interest rates, declining employment levels, decreasing demand for real estate, declining real estate values, or the public perception that any of these events may occur, may result in a general decline in acquisition, disposition and leasing activity, as well as a general decline in the value of real estate and in rents, which in turn would reduce the value of our interests.

During an economic downturn, it may also take longer for us to dispose of real estate investments or the selling prices may be lower than originally anticipated. As a result, the carrying value of our real estate investments may become impaired and we could record losses as a result of such impairment or we could experience reduced profitability related to declines in real estate values or rents. Further, as a result of our target leverage, our exposure to adverse general economic conditions will be heightened.

All the conditions described above could adversely impact our business performance and profitability, which could result in our failure to make distributions to our investors and could decrease the value of an investment in us. In addition, in an extreme deterioration of our business, we could have insufficient liquidity to meet our debt service obligations when they come due in future years. If we fail to meet our payment or other obligations under secured loans, the lenders will be entitled to proceed against the collateral granted to them to secure the debt owed.

You may be more likely to sustain a loss on your investment because the manager does not have as strong an economic incentive to avoid losses as do managers who have made significant equity investments in their companies.

Because it has not made a significant equity investment in our company, the manager will have little exposure to loss in the value of a series’ interests. Without this exposure, our investors may be at a greater risk of loss because the manager does not have as much to lose from a decrease in the value of our interests as do those managers who make more significant equity investments in their companies.

Any adverse changes in the manager’s financial health or our relationship with the manager or its affiliates could hinder our operating performance and the return on your investment.

The manager will utilize the manager’s personnel to perform services on its behalf for us. Our ability to achieve our investment objectives and to pay distributions to our investors is dependent upon the performance of the manager and its affiliates as well as the manager’s real estate professionals in the identification and acquisition of investments, the management of our assets and operation of our day-to-day activities. Any adverse changes in the manager’s financial condition or our relationship with the manager could hinder the manager’s ability to successfully manage our operations and our properties.

Compliance with governmental laws, regulations and covenants that are applicable to our residential properties may adversely affect our business and growth strategies.

Residential rental properties are subject to various covenants, local laws and regulatory requirements, including permitting and licensing requirements. Local regulations, including municipal or local ordinances, zoning restrictions and restrictive covenants imposed by community developers, may restrict our use of our residential properties and may require us to obtain approval from local officials or community standards organizations at any time with respect to our residential properties, including prior to acquiring any of our residential properties or when undertaking renovations. Among other things, these restrictions may relate to fire and safety, seismic, asbestos-cleanup or hazardous material abatement requirements. We cannot assure you that existing regulatory policies will not adversely affect us or the timing or cost of any future acquisitions or renovations, or that additional regulations will not be adopted that would increase such delays or result in additional costs. Our business and growth strategies may be materially and adversely affected by our ability to obtain permits, licenses and zoning approvals. Our failure to obtain such permits, licenses and zoning approvals could have a material adverse effect on us and cause the value of our interests to decline. 

If our company’s series limited liability company structure is not respected, then investors may have to share any liabilities of our company with all investors and not just those who hold the same series as them.

Our company is structured as a Delaware series limited liability company that issues interests in a separate series for each property.  Each series will merely be a separate series and not a separate legal entity.  Under the Delaware Limited Liability Company Act (the “LLC Act”), if certain conditions (as set forth in Section 18-215(b) of the LLC Act) are met, the liability of investors holding interests in one series is segregated from the liability of investors holding interests in another series and the assets of one series are not available to satisfy the liabilities of other series.  Although this limitation of liability is recognized by the courts of Delaware, there is no guarantee that if challenged in the courts of another U.S. state or a foreign jurisdiction, such courts will uphold a similar interpretation of Delaware corporation law, and in the past certain jurisdictions have not honored such interpretation.  If our company’s series limited liability company structure is not respected, then investors may have to share any liabilities of our company with all investors and not just those who hold the same series interests as them.  Furthermore, while we intend to maintain separate and distinct records for each series and account for them separately and otherwise meet the requirements of the LLC Act, it is possible a court could conclude that the methods used did not satisfy Section 18-215(b) of the LLC Act and thus potentially expose the assets of a series to the liabilities of another series.  The consequence of this is that investors may have to bear higher than anticipated expenses which would adversely affect the value of their interests or the likelihood of any distributions being made by a particular series to its investors.  In addition, we are not aware of any court case that has tested the limitations on inter-series liability provided by Section 18-215(b) in federal bankruptcy courts and it is possible that a bankruptcy court could determine that the assets of one series should be applied to meet the liabilities of the other series or the liabilities of our company generally where the assets of such other series or of our company generally are insufficient to meet our liabilities.

Risks Relating to the Offerings

We are offering our interests pursuant to Tier 2 of Regulation A and we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to Tier 2 issuers will make our interests less attractive to investors as compared to a traditional initial public offering.

As a Tier 2 issuer, we are subject to scaled disclosure and reporting requirements which may make an investment in our interests less attractive to investors who are accustomed to enhanced disclosure and more frequent financial reporting.  The differences between disclosures for Tier 2 issuers versus those for emerging growth companies include, without limitation, only needing to file final semiannual reports as opposed to quarterly reports and far fewer circumstances where a current disclosure would be required.  In addition, given the relative lack of regulatory precedent regarding the recent amendments to Regulation A, there is some regulatory uncertainty in regard to how the Commission or the individual state securities regulators will regulate both the offer and sale of our securities, as well as any ongoing compliance that we may be subject to.  For example, a number of states have yet to determine the types of filings and amount of fees that are required for such an offering.  If our scaled disclosure and reporting requirements, or regulatory uncertainty regarding Regulation A, reduces the attractiveness of the interests, we may be unable to raise the funds necessary to fund future offerings, which could impair our ability to offer a diversified portfolio of properties and create economies of scale, which may adversely affect the value of the interests or the ability to make distributions to investors.

We are subject to ongoing public reporting requirements that are less rigorous than rules for more mature public companies, and our investors receive less information.

We are required to report on an ongoing basis under the reporting rules set forth in Regulation A for Tier 2 issuers. The ongoing reporting requirements under Regulation A are more relaxed than for public companies reporting under the Exchange Act. The differences include, but are not limited to, being required to file only annual and semiannual reports, rather than annual and quarterly reports. Annual reports are due within 120 calendar days after the end of our fiscal year, and semiannual reports are due within 90 calendar days after the end of the first six months of our fiscal year.

We also may elect to become a public reporting company under the Exchange Act. If we elect to do so, we will be required to publicly report on an ongoing basis as an emerging growth company, as defined in the JOBS Act, under the reporting rules set forth under the Exchange Act. For so long as we remain an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other Exchange Act reporting companies that are not emerging growth companies, including, but not limited to:

In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an emerging growth company can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We would expect to elect to take advantage of the benefits of this extended transition period. Our financial statements may therefore not be comparable to those of companies that comply with such new or revised accounting standards.

We would expect to take advantage of these reporting exemptions until we are no longer an emerging growth company. We would remain an emerging growth company for up to five years, or until the earliest of (i) the last day of the first fiscal year in which our total annual gross revenues exceed $1 billion; (ii) the date that we become a large accelerated filer as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act, which would occur if the market value of our interests that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter; or (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt during the preceding three-year period.

In either case, we will be subject to ongoing public reporting requirements that are less rigorous than Exchange Act rules for companies that are not emerging growth companies, and investors could receive less information than they might expect to receive from more mature public companies.

There may be deficiencies with our internal controls that require improvements, and if we are unable to adequately evaluate internal controls, we may be subject to sanctions.

As a Tier 2 issuer, we will not need to provide a report on the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting, and we will be exempt from the auditor attestation requirements concerning any such report so long as we are a Tier 2 issuer.  We are in the process of evaluating whether our internal control procedures are effective and, therefore, there is a greater likelihood of undiscovered errors in our internal controls or reported financial statements as compared to issuers that have conducted such evaluations.

If we are required to register under the Exchange Act, it would result in significant expense and reporting requirements that would place a burden on the manager and may divert attention from management of the properties by the manager or could cause the manager to no longer be able to afford to run our business.

The Exchange Act requires issuers with more than $10 million in total assets to register its equity securities under the Exchange Act if its securities are held of record by more than 2,000 persons or 500 persons who are not “accredited investors.” While the operating agreement presently prohibits any transfer that would result in any series being held of record by more than 2,000 persons or 500 non-“accredited investors,” there can be no guarantee that we will not exceed those limits and the manager has the ability to unilaterally amend the operating agreement to permit holdings that exceed those limits. If we are required to register under the Exchange Act, it would result in significant expense and reporting requirements that would place a burden on the manager and may divert attention from management of the properties by the manager or could cause the manager to no longer be able to afford to run our business.

If our company were to be required to register under the Investment Company Act or the manager were to be required to register under the Investment Advisers Act, it could have a material and adverse impact on the results of operations and expenses of each series and the manager may be forced to liquidate and wind up each series or rescind the offerings for any of the series.

Our company is not registered and will not be registered as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”), and the manager is not and will not be registered as an investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Advisers Act”) and the interests do not have the benefit of the protections of the Investment Company Act or the Investment Advisers Act.  Our company and the manager have taken the position that the properties are not “securities” within the meaning of the Investment Company Act or the Investment Advisers Act, and thus our company’s assets will consist of less than 40% investment securities under the Investment Company Act and the manager is not and will not be advising with respect to securities under the Investment Advisers Act.  This position, however, is based upon applicable case law that is inherently subject to judgments and interpretation.  If our company were to be required to register under the Investment Company Act or the manager were to be required to register under the Investment Advisers Act, it could have a material and adverse impact on the results of operations and expenses of each series and the manager may be forced to liquidate and wind up each series or rescind the offerings for any of the series or the offering for any other series.

Possible changes in federal tax laws may materially adversely affect the value of your investment in our interests.

The Internal Revenue Code is subject to change by Congress, and interpretations of the Code may be modified or affected by judicial decisions, by the Treasury Department through changes in regulations and by the Internal Revenue Service through its audit policy, announcements, and published and private rulings. Although significant changes to the tax laws historically have been given prospective application, no assurance can be given that any changes made in the tax law affecting an investment in any series of our company would be limited to prospective effect. For instance, prior to effectiveness of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, an exchange of the interests of one series for another might have been a non-taxable ‘like-kind exchange’ transaction, while transactions now only qualify for that treatment with respect to real property.  Accordingly, the ultimate effect on an investor’s tax situation may be governed by laws, regulations or interpretations of laws or regulations which have not yet been proposed, passed or made, as the case may be.

Risks Related to Conflicts of Interest

We are dependent on the manager and its affiliates and their key personnel who provide services to us through the operating agreement, and we may not find a suitable replacement if the operating agreement is terminated, or if key personnel leave or otherwise become unavailable to us, which could have a material adverse effect on our performance.

We do not expect to have any employees and we are completely reliant on the manager to provide us with investment and advisory services. We expect to benefit from the personnel, relationships and experience of the manager’s executive team and other personnel and investors of the manager and expect to benefit from the same highly experienced personnel and resources we need for the implementation and execution of our investment strategy.  Each of our executive officers also serves as an officer of the manager. The manager will have significant discretion as to the implementation of our investment and operating policies and strategies. Accordingly, we believe that our success will depend to a significant extent upon the efforts, experience, diligence, skill and relationships of the executive officers and key personnel of the manager. The executive officers and key personnel of the manager will evaluate, negotiate, close and monitor our properties. Our success will depend on their continued service.

In addition, we offer no assurance that the manager will remain the manager or that we will continue to have access to the manager’s principals and professionals. If the operating agreement is terminated and no suitable replacement is found to manage us, our ability to execute our business plan will be negatively impacted.

The ability of the manager and its officers and other personnel to engage in other business activities, including managing other similar companies, may reduce the time the manager spends managing the business of our company and may result in certain conflicts of interest.

Our officers also serve or may serve as officers or employees of Arrived Holdings, Inc., as well as other manager-sponsored vehicles, and other companies unaffiliated with the manager. These other business activities may reduce the time these persons spend managing our business. Further, if and when there are turbulent conditions in the real estate markets or distress in the credit markets or other times when we will need focused support and assistance from the manager, the attention of the manager’s personnel and executive officers and the resources of the manager may also be required by other manager-sponsored vehicles. In such situations, we may not receive the level of support and assistance that we may receive if we were internally managed or if we were not managed by the manager. In addition, these persons may have obligations to other entities, the fulfillment of which might not be in the best interests of us or any of our investors. Our officers and the manager’s personnel may face conflicts of interest in allocating sale, financing, leasing and other business opportunities among the real properties owned by the various companies and our series.

The terms of the operating agreement make it difficult to end our relationship with the manager.

Under the terms of the operating agreement, holders of interests in each series of our company have the right to remove our manager as manager of our company, by a vote of two-thirds of the holders of all interests in each series of our company (excluding our manager) voting together, in the event our manager is found by a non-appealable judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction to have committed fraud in connection with a series of interests or our company. Unsatisfactory financial performance does not constitute grounds to terminate and remove the manager under the operating agreement. These provisions make it difficult to end our company’s relationship with the manager, even if we believe the manager’s performance is not satisfactory.  

The operating agreement contains provisions that reduce or eliminate duties (including fiduciary duties) of the manager.

The operating agreement provides that the manager, in exercising its rights in its capacity as the manager, will be entitled to consider only such interests and factors as it desires, including its own interests, and will have no duty or obligation (fiduciary or otherwise) to give any consideration to any interest of or factors affecting us or any of our investors and will not be subject to any different standards imposed by our bylaws, or under any other law, rule or regulation or in equity. These modifications of fiduciary duties are expressly permitted by Delaware law.

There are conflicts of interest among us, the manager and its affiliates.

Each of our executive officers is an executive officer of the manager. All the agreements and arrangements between such parties, including those relating to compensation, are not the result of arm’s-length negotiations. Some of the conflicts inherent in our company’s transactions with the manager and its affiliates, and the limitations on such parties adopted to address these conflicts, are described below. The manager and its affiliates will try to balance our interests with their own. However, to the extent that such parties take actions that are more favorable to other entities than us, these actions could have a negative impact on our financial performance and, consequently, on distributions to investors and the value of our interests.

The operating agreement provides the manager with broad powers and authority which may exacerbate the existing conflicts of interest among your interests and those of the manager, its executive officers and its other affiliates. Potential conflicts of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

We do not have a policy that expressly prohibits our directors, officers, security holders or affiliates from having a direct or indirect pecuniary interest in any transaction to which we or any of our subsidiaries has an interest or engaging for their own account in business activities of the types conducted by us.

We do not have a policy that expressly prohibits our directors, officers, security holders or affiliates from having a direct or indirect pecuniary interest in any asset to be acquired or disposed of by us or any of our subsidiaries or in any transaction to which we or any of our subsidiaries are a party or have an interest. Additionally, we do not have a policy that expressly prohibits any such persons from engaging for their own account in business activities of the types conducted by us. In addition, our management agreement with the manager does not prevent the manager and its affiliates from engaging in additional management or investment opportunities, some of which could compete with us.

The manager’s liability is limited under the operating agreement, and we have agreed to indemnify the manager against certain liabilities.  As a result, we may experience poor performance or losses for which the manager would not be liable.  

Pursuant to our company’s operating agreement, the manager will not assume any responsibility other than to render the services called for thereunder and not will be responsible for any action of our board of directors in following or declining to follow the manager’s advice or recommendations. The manager maintains a contractual, as opposed to a fiduciary, relationship with us and our investors. Under the terms of the operating agreement, the manager, its officers, investors, members, managers, directors and personnel, any person controlling or controlled by the manager and any person providing sub-advisory services to the manager will not be liable to us, any subsidiary of ours, our board of directors, or our investors, members or partners or any subsidiary’s investors, members or partners for acts or omissions performed in accordance with and pursuant to the operating agreement, except by reason of acts or omissions constituting bad faith, willful misconduct, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of their duties under the operating agreement. Accordingly, we and our investors will only have recourse and be able to seek remedies against the manager to the extent it breaches its obligations pursuant to the operating agreement. Furthermore, we have agreed to limit the liability of the manager and to indemnify the manager against certain liabilities. We have agreed to reimburse, indemnify and hold harmless the manager, its officers, investors, members, managers, directors and personnel, any person controlling or controlled by the manager and any person providing sub-advisory services to the manager with respect to all expenses, losses, damages, liabilities, demands, charges and claims in respect of, or arising from, acts or omissions of such indemnified parties not constituting bad faith, willful misconduct, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of the manager’s duties, which have a material adverse effect on us. In addition, we may choose not to enforce, or to enforce less vigorously, our rights under the operating agreement because of our desire to maintain our ongoing relationship with the manager.

Risks Related to Real Estate Investments Generally

Our real estate assets will be subject to the risks typically associated with real estate.

Our real estate assets will be subject to the risks typically associated with real estate. The value of real estate may be adversely affected by a number of risks, including: 

The value of each property is affected significantly by its ability to generate cash flow and net income, which in turn depends on the amount of rental or other income that can be generated net of expenses required to be incurred with respect to a property. Many expenditures associated with a property (such as operating expenses and capital expenditures) cannot be reduced when there is a reduction in income from the property. 

Our acquisitions will be premised on assumptions about occupancy levels and rental rates, and if those assumptions prove to be inaccurate, our cash flows and profitability will be reduced. These factors may have a material adverse effect on the value that we can realize from our assets.

We anticipate involvement in a variety of litigation.

We anticipate involvement in a range of legal actions in the ordinary course of business. These actions may include eviction proceedings and other landlord-tenant disputes, challenges to title and ownership rights and issues with local housing officials arising from the condition or maintenance of one or more of our residential properties. These actions can be time consuming and expensive. We cannot assure you that we will not be subject to expenses and losses that may adversely affect our operating results. 

We may be subject to unknown or contingent liabilities related to properties that we acquire for which we may have limited or no recourse against the sellers.

Properties that we may acquire in the future may be subject to unknown or contingent liabilities for which we may have limited or no recourse against the sellers. Unknown or contingent liabilities might include liabilities for clean-up or remediation of environmental conditions, claims of tenants, vendors or other persons dealing with the acquired properties, tax liabilities and other liabilities whether incurred in the ordinary course of business or otherwise. In the future we may enter into transactions with limited representations and warranties or with representations and warranties that do not survive the closing of the transactions or that only survive for a limited period, in which event we would have no or limited recourse against the sellers of such properties. While we expect to usually require the sellers to indemnify us with respect to breaches of representations and warranties that survive, such indemnification is often limited and subject to various materiality thresholds, a significant deductible or an aggregate cap on losses.

As a result, there is no guarantee that we will recover any losses due to breaches by the sellers of their representations and warranties. In addition, the total amount of costs and expenses that we may incur with respect to liabilities associated with acquired properties may exceed our expectations, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. Finally, we expect that indemnification agreements between us and the sellers will typically provide that the sellers will retain certain specified liabilities relating to the properties acquired by us. While the sellers are generally contractually obligated to pay all losses and other expenses relating to such retained liabilities, there can be no guarantee that such arrangements will not require us to incur losses or other expenses as well.

We may not be able to sell our properties at a price equal to, or greater than, the price for which we purchased such properties, which may lead to a decrease in the value of our assets.

The value of a property to a potential purchaser may not increase over time, which may restrict our ability to sell a property, or if we are able to sell such property, may lead to a sale price less than the price that we paid to purchase a property.

We may be unable to renew leases or re-lease space as leases expire.

If tenants do not renew their leases upon expiration, we may be unable to re-lease the vacated home. Even if the tenants do re-lease the lease or we are able to re-lease to a new tenant, the terms and conditions of the new lease may not be as favorable as the terms and conditions of the expired lease.  If the rental rates for our properties decrease or we are not able to release a significant portion of our available and soon-to-be-available space, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, the market value of our interests and our ability to satisfy our debt obligations and to make distributions to our investors could be adversely affected.

The actual rents we receive for a property may be less than estimated market rents, and we may experience a decline in realized rental rates from time to time, which could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow.

As a result of potential factors, including competitive pricing pressure in the residential rental market, a general economic downturn and the desirability of our properties compared to other properties, we may be unable to realize our estimated market rents for a property. In addition, depending on market rental rates at any given time as compared to expiring leases in our properties, from time to time rental rates for expiring leases may be higher than starting rental rates for new leases. If we are unable to obtain sufficient rental rates for a property, then our financial condition, results of operations and ability to generate cash flow growth will be negatively impacted.

Properties that have significant vacancies could be difficult to sell, which could diminish the return on these properties.

A property may incur vacancies either by the expiration of tenant leases or the continued default of tenants under their leases. If vacancies continue for a long period of time, we may suffer reduced revenues resulting in less cash available for distribution to our investors. In addition, the resale value of the property could be diminished because the market value of our properties may depend in part upon the value of the cash flow generated by the leases associated with that property. Such a reduction in the resale value of a property could also reduce the value of our investors’ investments.

Further, a decline in general economic conditions could lead to an increase in tenant defaults, lower rental rates and less demand for residential real estate space in that market. As a result of these trends, we may be more inclined to provide leasing incentives to our tenants in order to compete in a more competitive leasing environment. Such trends may result in reduced revenue and lower resale value of properties, which may reduce your return.

We may be required to make rent or other concessions and/or significant capital expenditures to improve the properties in order to retain and attract tenants, generate positive cash flow or make real estate properties suitable for sale, which could adversely affect us, including our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow.

In the event there are adverse economic conditions in the real estate market which lead to an increase in tenant defaults, lower rental rates and less demand for residential real estate space in that market, we may be more inclined to increase tenant improvement allowances or concessions to tenants, accommodate increased requests for renovations and offer improvements or provide additional services to our tenants in order to compete in a more competitive leasing environment, all of which could negatively affect our cash flow.  If the necessary capital is unavailable, we may be unable to make these potentially significant capital expenditures.  This could result in non-renewals by tenants upon expiration of their leases and our vacant space remaining untenanted, which could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow and the market value of our interests. 

Our dependence on rental revenue may adversely affect us, including our profitability, our ability to meet our debt obligations and our ability to make distributions to our investors.

Our income will be primarily derived from rental revenue from real property.  As a result, our performance will depend on our ability to collect rent from tenants. Our income and funds for distribution would be adversely affected if a significant number of our tenants:

Any of these actions could result in the termination of such tenants’ leases with us and the loss of rental revenue attributable to the terminated leases. In these events, we cannot assure you that such tenants will renew those leases or that we will be able to re-lease spaces on economically advantageous terms or at all. The loss of rental revenues from our tenants and our inability to replace such tenants may adversely affect us, including our profitability, our ability to meet our debt and other financial obligations and our ability to make distributions to our investors.

We may engage in development, redevelopment or repositioning activities in the future, which could expose us to different risks that could adversely affect us, including our financial condition, cash flow and results of operations.

We may engage in development, redevelopment or repositioning activities with respect to properties that we acquire as we believe market conditions dictate.  If we engage in these activities, we will be subject to certain risks, which could adversely affect us, including our financial condition, cash flow and results of operations. These risks include, without limitation:

These risks could result in substantial unanticipated delays or expenses and could prevent the initiation or the completion of development and redevelopment activities, any of which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, and the market value of our interests and our ability to satisfy our debt obligations and to make distributions to our investors.

Our properties may be subject to impairment charges.

We will periodically evaluate our real estate investments for impairment indicators. The judgment regarding the existence of impairment indicators is based on factors such as market conditions, tenant performance and legal structure. For example, the early termination of, or default under, a lease by a tenant may lead to an impairment charge. If we determine that an impairment has occurred, we would be required to make a downward adjustment to the net carrying value of a property. Impairment charges also indicate a potential permanent adverse change in the fundamental operating characteristics of the impaired property. There is no assurance that these adverse changes will be reversed in the future and the decline in the impaired property’s value could be permanent.

If we fail to diversify our properties, downturns relating to certain geographic regions, industries or business sectors may have a more significant adverse impact on our assets and our ability to pay distributions than if we had a diversified investment portfolio.

While we intend to diversify our properties by geography, investment size and investment risk, we are not required to observe specific diversification criteria. Therefore, our investments may at times be concentrated in a limited number of geographic locations, or secured by assets concentrated in a limited number of geographic locations. To the extent that our properties are concentrated in limited geographic regions, downturns relating generally to such region or certain industries or business sectors may result in defaults on a number of our investments within a short time period, which may reduce our net income and the value of our interests and accordingly limit our ability to pay distributions to our investors.

Any adverse economic or real estate developments in our target markets could adversely affect our operating results and our ability to pay distributions to our investors.

If a tenant declares bankruptcy, we may be unable to collect balances due under relevant leases, which could adversely affect our financial condition and ability to pay distributions to our investors.

Any of our tenants, or any guarantor of a tenant’s lease obligations, could be subject to a bankruptcy proceeding pursuant to Chapter 11 of the United States bankruptcy code. A bankruptcy filing by one of our tenants or any guarantor of a tenant’s lease obligations would bar all efforts by us to collect pre-bankruptcy debts from these individuals or entities, unless we receive an enabling order from the bankruptcy court. There is no assurance the tenant or its trustee would agree to assume the lease. If a lease is rejected by a tenant in bankruptcy, we would have only a general unsecured claim for damages that is limited in amount and which may only be paid to the extent that funds are available and in the same percentage as is paid to all other holders of unsecured claims.

A tenant or lease guarantor bankruptcy could delay efforts to collect past due balances under the relevant leases and could ultimately preclude full collection of these sums. A tenant or lease guarantor bankruptcy could cause a decrease or cessation of rental payments that would mean a reduction in our cash flow and the amount available to pay distributions to our investors.

Joint venture investments could be adversely affected by our lack of sole decision-making authority, our reliance on the financial condition of co-venturers and disputes between us and our co-venturers.

We may enter into joint ventures, partnerships and other co-ownership arrangements (including preferred equity investments) for the purpose of making investments. In such event, we would not be in a position to exercise sole decision-making authority regarding the joint venture. Investments in joint ventures may, under certain circumstances, involve risks not present were a third party not involved, including the possibility that partners or co-venturers might become bankrupt or fail to fund their required capital contributions. Co-venturers may have economic or other business interests or goals which are inconsistent with our business interests or goals, and may be in a position to take actions contrary to our policies or objectives. Such investments may also have the potential risk of impasses on decisions, such as a sale, because neither we nor the co-venturer would have full control over the joint venture. In addition, to the extent our participation represents a minority interest, a majority of the participants may be able to take actions which are not in our best interests because of our lack of full control. Disputes between us and co-venturers may result in litigation or arbitration that would increase our expenses and prevent our officers from focusing their time and effort on our business. Consequently, actions by or disputes with co-venturers might result in subjecting properties owned by the joint venture to additional risk. In addition, we may in certain circumstances be liable for the actions of our co-venturers.

Property taxes could increase due to property tax rate changes or reassessment, which could impact our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow.

Even if a series qualifies as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the series generally will be required to pay state and local taxes on its property. The real property taxes on our properties may increase as property tax rates change or as our properties are assessed or reassessed by taxing authorities. If the property taxes we pay increase, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, the value of our interests and our ability to satisfy our principal and interest obligations and to make distributions to our investors could be adversely affected. 

Uninsured losses relating to real property or excessively expensive premiums for insurance coverage, including due to the potential non-renewal of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program (TRIP), could reduce our cash flows and the return on our investors’ investments.

There are types of losses, generally catastrophic in nature, such as losses due to wars, acts of terrorism, earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, pollution or environmental matters that are uninsurable or not economically insurable, or may be insured subject to limitations, such as large deductibles or co-payments. Insurance risks associated with such catastrophic events could sharply increase the premiums we pay for coverage against property and casualty claims.

This risk is particularly relevant with respect to potential acts of terrorism. The Terrorism Risk Insurance Program (TRIP), under which the U.S. federal government bears a significant portion of insured losses caused by terrorism, was extended until December 31, 2027 pursuant to the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2019, but there can be no assurance that Congress will act to renew or replace the TRIP following its expiration. If the TRIP is not renewed or replaced, terrorism insurance may become difficult or impossible to obtain at reasonable costs or at all, which may result in adverse impacts and additional costs to us. 

Changes in the cost or availability of insurance due to the non-renewal of the TRIP or for other reasons could expose us to uninsured casualty losses. If any of our properties incurs a casualty loss that is not fully insured, the value of our assets will be reduced by any such uninsured loss, which may reduce the value of our investors’ investments. In addition, other than any working capital reserve or other reserves we may establish, we have no source of funding to repair or reconstruct any uninsured property. Also, to the extent we must pay unexpectedly large amounts for insurance, we could suffer reduced earnings that would result in lower distributions to investors.

Additionally, mortgage lenders insist in some cases that multifamily property owners purchase coverage against terrorism as a condition for providing mortgage loans. Accordingly, to the extent terrorism risk insurance policies are not available at reasonable costs, if at all, our ability to finance or refinance our properties could be impaired. In such instances, we may be required to provide other financial support, either through financial assurances or self-insurance, to cover potential losses. We may not have adequate, or any, coverage for such losses.

The consequences of climate change may adversely affect our business.

We may experience losses related to extreme weather and changes in precipitation and temperature, all of which may result in physical damage or a decrease in demand for a property that we acquire. Should the impact of climate change be material in nature or occur for lengthy periods of time, the financial condition or results of operations for a property and its related series would be adversely affected. Moreover, we cannot assure you that any insurance coverage we carry will be adequate to cover all losses related to climate change. In addition, changes in federal, state and local legislation and regulations designed to address climate change could result in increased capital expenditures to improve the energy efficiency of a property that we acquire in order to comply with such legislation and regulations.

Acquiring or attempting to acquire multiple properties in a single transaction may adversely affect our operations.

From time to time, we may attempt to acquire multiple properties in a single transaction. Multiple property portfolio acquisitions are more complex and expensive than single-property acquisitions, and the risk that a portfolio acquisition does not close may be greater than in a single-property acquisition. A seller may require that a group of properties be purchased as a package even though we may not want to purchase one or more properties in the portfolio. In these situations, if we are unable to identify another person or entity to acquire the unwanted properties, we may be required to operate or attempt to dispose of these properties. To acquire multiple properties in a single transaction we may be required to accumulate a large amount of cash. We would expect the returns that we earn on such cash to be less than the ultimate returns in real property and, therefore, accumulating such cash could reduce the funds available for distributions to our investors.

Tenant relief laws may negatively impact our rental income and profitability.

As landlord of numerous residential properties, we may be involved in evicting residents who are not paying their rent or are otherwise in material violation of the terms of their lease. Eviction activities will impose legal and managerial expenses that will raise our costs. The eviction process is typically subject to legal barriers, mandatory “cure” policies and other sources of expense and delay, each of which may delay our ability to gain possession and stabilize the home. Additionally, state and local landlord-tenant laws may impose legal duties to assist residents in relocating to new housing or restrict the landlord’s ability to recover certain costs or charge residents for damage that residents cause to the landlord’s premises. We and any property managers we hire will need to be familiar with and take all appropriate steps to comply with all applicable landlord-tenant laws, and we will need to incur supervisory and legal expenses to ensure such compliance. To the extent that we do not comply with state or local laws, we may be subjected to civil litigation filed by individuals, in class actions or by state or local law enforcement. We may be required to pay our adversaries’ litigation fees and expenses if judgment is entered against us in such litigation or if we settle such litigation. 

Rent control or rent stabilization laws could prevent us from raising rents to offset increases in operating costs.

Various states, cities, or municipalities have a system of rent regulations known as rent stabilization and rent control. Tenants of regulated apartments are entitled to receive required services and to have their leases renewed, and may not be evicted except on grounds allowed by law. If we acquire properties that include regulated apartments, these regulations could limit the amount of rent we are able to collect, which could have a material adverse effect on our ability to fully take advantage of the investments that we make in our properties.  In addition, there can be no assurance that changes to rent control or rent stabilization laws will not have a similar or greater negative impact on our ability to collect rents.  

Our targeted investments may include condominium interests. Condominium interests are subject to special risks that may reduce your return on investment.

Our targeted investments may include condominium interests, which is a type of common ownership interest. Common ownership interests are subject to special risks that may reduce your return on investment. For example, common ownership interests are governed by associations in which we, as a condominium unit owner, have a vote. We may be outvoted by the other members of the condominium respecting matters that materially impact the management, appearance, safety or financial soundness of the dwelling or of the association.

The value of common ownership interests may be decreased by the default of other interest holders on their homeowners association, or HOA, fees or similar fees. If enough holders default on their fees, the HOA’s liquidity and net worth may decrease dramatically. If the HOA or board is forced to foreclose on any delinquent interests representing the condominium interests, a lowered value realized at the foreclosure sale may adversely impact the market value of every other unit.

We, as a common ownership interest owner, will also be required to pay HOA fees. If we default in our payment, we may be obligated to pay financial penalties or, in severe circumstances, our unit may be foreclosed on by the board or the HOA. If the board or HOA is mismanaged or if the applicable property suffers from neglect or deferred maintenance, HOA fees may increase, which may reduce our cash flow from operations and your ability to receive distributions.

Real estate investments are relatively illiquid and may limit our flexibility.

Real estate investments are relatively illiquid, which may tend to limit our ability to react promptly to changes in economic or other market conditions.  Our ability to dispose of assets in the future will depend on prevailing economic and market conditions.  Our inability to sell our properties on favorable terms or at all could have an adverse effect on our sources of working capital and our ability to satisfy our debt obligations.  In addition, real estate can at times be difficult to sell quickly at prices we find acceptable. When we sell any of our assets, we may recognize a loss on such sale. The Internal Revenue Code also imposes restrictions on REITs, which are not applicable to other types of real estate companies, on the disposal of properties.  For example, our ability to sell our properties may also be limited by our need to avoid the 100% prohibited transactions tax that is imposed on gain recognized by a REIT from the sale of property characterized as dealer property. In order to ensure that we avoid such characterization, we may be required to hold our properties for a minimum period of time and comply with certain other requirements in the Internal Revenue Code or dispose of our properties through a “taxable REIT subsidiary,” or TRS.  These potential difficulties in selling real estate may limit our ability to promptly change, or reduce our exposure to, the properties we acquire in response to changes in economic or other conditions.

The failure of any bank in which we deposit our funds could reduce the amount of cash we have available to pay distributions to our investors and make additional investments.

We intend to diversify our cash and cash equivalents among several banking institutions in an attempt to minimize exposure to any one of these entities. However, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or FDIC, only insures amounts up to $250,000 per depositor per insured bank. We expect to have cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash deposited in certain financial institutions in excess of federally insured levels. If any of the banking institutions in which we have deposited funds ultimately fails, we may lose our deposits over $250,000.  

The occurrence of a cyber incident, or a deficiency in our cyber security, could negatively impact our business by causing a disruption to our operations, a compromise or corruption of our confidential information, or damage to our business relationships, all of which could negatively impact our financial results.

We collect and retain certain personal information provided by our investors and tenants in the properties owned by the series.  While expect to implement a variety of security measures to protect the confidentiality of this information and periodically review and improve our security measures, we can provide no assurance that we will be able to prevent unauthorized access to this information.  A cyber incident is considered to be any adverse event that threatens the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of our information resources. More specifically, a cyber incident is an intentional attack or an unintentional event that can include gaining unauthorized access to systems to disrupt operations, corrupt data, or steal confidential information. As our reliance on technology has increased, so have the risks that could directly result from the occurrence of a cyber incident including operational interruption, damage to our relationship with our tenants, and private data exposure, any of which could negatively impact our reputation and financial results.

We may enter into long-term leases with tenants in certain properties, which may not result in fair market rental rates over time.

We may enter into long-term leases with tenants of certain of the properties or include renewal options that specify a maximum rate increase. These leases would provide for rent to increase over time; however, if we do not accurately judge the potential for increases in market rental rates, we may set the terms of these long-term leases at levels such that, even after contractual rent increases, the rent under our long-term leases is less than then-current market rates. Further, we may have no ability to terminate those leases or to adjust the rent to then-prevailing market rates. As a result, our cash available for distribution to our investors could be lower than if we did not enter into long-term leases. 

We will depend on tenants for our revenue, and lease defaults or terminations could reduce our net income and limit our ability to make distributions to our investors.

The success of our investments materially depends on the financial stability of our tenants. A default or termination by a tenant on its lease payments to us would cause us to lose the revenue associated with such lease and require us to find an alternative source of revenue to meet mortgage payments and prevent a foreclosure, if the property is subject to a mortgage. If a tenant defaults we may experience delays in enforcing our rights as landlord and may incur substantial costs in protecting our investment and re-leasing our property. If a tenant defaults on or terminates a lease, we may be unable to lease the property for the rent previously received or sell the property without incurring a loss. These events could cause us to reduce the amount of distributions to our investors.

Potential development and construction delays and resultant increased costs and risks may hinder our operating results and decrease our net income.

From time to time we may acquire unimproved real property or properties that are under development or construction. Investments in such properties will be subject to the uncertainties associated with the development and construction of real property, including those related to re-zoning land for development, environmental concerns of governmental entities and community groups and our builders’ ability to build in conformity with plans, specifications, budgeted costs and timetables. If a builder fails to perform, we may resort to legal action to rescind the purchase or the construction contract or to compel performance. A builder’s performance may also be affected or delayed by conditions beyond the builder’s control. Delays in completing construction could also give tenants the right to terminate preconstruction leases. We may incur additional risks when we make periodic progress payments or other advances to builders before they complete construction. These and other factors can result in increased costs of a project or loss of our investment. In addition, we will be subject to normal lease-up risks relating to newly constructed projects. We also must rely on rental income and expense projections and estimates of the fair market value of property upon completion of construction when agreeing upon a purchase price at the time we acquire the property. If our projections are inaccurate, we may pay too much for a property, and the return on our investment could suffer. 

Inflation may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

An increase in inflation could have an adverse impact on any floating rate mortgages or credit facilities we may enter into and general and administrative expenses, as these costs could increase at a rate higher than our rental and other revenue.

Costs imposed pursuant to governmental laws and regulations may reduce our net income and the cash available for distributions to our investors.

Real property and the operations conducted on real property are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to protection of the environment and human health. We could be subject to substantial liability in the form of fines, penalties or damages for noncompliance with these laws and regulations. Even if we are not subject to liability, other costs, which we would undertake to avoid or mitigate any such liability, such as the cost of removing or remediating hazardous or toxic substances could be substantial. These laws and regulations generally govern wastewater discharges, air emissions, the operation and removal of underground and above-ground storage tanks, the use, storage, treatment, transportation and disposal of solid and hazardous materials, the remediation of contamination associated with the release or disposal of solid and hazardous materials, the presence of toxic building materials and other health and safety-related concerns.

Some of these laws and regulations may impose joint and several liability on the tenants, owners or operators of real property for the costs to investigate or remediate contaminated properties, regardless of fault, whether the contamination occurred prior to purchase, or whether the acts causing the contamination were legal. Activities of our tenants, the condition of properties at the time we buy them, operations in the vicinity of our properties, such as the presence of underground storage tanks, or activities of unrelated third parties may affect our properties.  

The presence of hazardous substances, including hazardous substances that have not been detected, or the failure to properly manage or remediate these substances, may hinder our ability to sell, rent or pledge such property as collateral for future borrowings. Any material expenditures, fines, penalties or damages we must pay will reduce our ability to make distributions to our investors and may reduce the value of your investment. 

In addition, when excessive moisture accumulates in buildings or on building materials, mold growth may occur, particularly if the moisture problem remains undiscovered or is not addressed over a period of time. Some molds may produce airborne toxins or irritants. Concern about indoor exposure to mold has been increasing, as exposure to mold may cause a variety of adverse health effects and symptoms, including allergic or other reactions. As a result, the presence of significant mold at any of our projects could require us to undertake a costly remediation program to contain or remove the mold from the affected property or development project, which would adversely affect our operating results.

Environmental laws also may impose liens on property or restrictions on the manner in which property may be used or businesses may be operated, and these restrictions may require substantial expenditures or prevent us or our property manager and its assignees from operating such properties. Some of these laws and regulations have been amended so as to require compliance with new or more stringent standards as of future dates. Compliance with new or more stringent laws or regulations or stricter interpretation of existing laws may require us to incur material expenditures. Future laws, ordinances or regulations may impose material environmental liability. 

The costs of defending against claims of environmental liability, of complying with environmental regulatory requirements, of remediating any contaminated property, or of paying personal injury or other damage claims could reduce our cash available for distributions to our investors.

Under various federal, state and local environmental laws, ordinances and regulations, a current or previous real property owner or operator may be liable for the cost of removing or remediating hazardous or toxic substances, including asbestos-containing materials and lead-based paint, on, under or in such property. These costs could be substantial. Such laws often impose liability whether or not the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of such hazardous or toxic substances. Third parties may seek recovery from real property owners or operators for personal injury or property damage associated with exposure to released hazardous substances and governments may seek recovery for natural resource damage. The costs of defending against claims of environmental liability, of complying with environmental regulatory requirements, of remediating any contaminated property, or of paying personal injury, property damage or natural resource damage claims could materially adversely affect our business, assets or results of operations and, consequently, reduce the amounts available for distribution to our investors.

Costs associated with complying with the Americans with Disabilities Act and similar laws (including but not limited to the Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973) may decrease cash available for distributions to our investors.

Our properties may be subject to the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, as amended, or the ADA. Under the ADA, all places of public accommodation are required to comply with federal requirements related to access and use by disabled persons. The Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 requires apartment communities first occupied after March 13, 1991 to comply with design and construction requirements for disabled access. For projects receiving federal funds, the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 also has requirements regarding disabled access.  If one or more of our properties that we acquire are not in compliance with such laws, then we could be required to incur additional costs to bring the property into compliance. We cannot predict the ultimate amount of the cost of compliance with such laws. Noncompliance with these laws could also result in the imposition of fines or an award of damages to private litigants. Substantial costs incurred to comply with such laws, as well as fines or damages resulting from actual or alleged noncompliance with such laws, could adversely affect us, including our future results of operations and cash flows.

Declines in the market values of the properties we invest in may adversely affect periodic reported results of operations and credit availability, which may reduce earnings and, in turn, cash available for distribution to our investors.

Some of the assets we invest in may be classified for accounting purposes as “available-for-sale.” These investments will be carried at estimated fair value and temporary changes in the market values of those assets will be directly charged or credited to investors’ equity without impacting net income on the income statement. Moreover, if we determine that a decline in the estimated fair value of an available-for-sale asset falls below its amortized value and is not temporary, we will recognize a loss on that asset on the income statement, which will reduce our earnings in the period recognized.

A decline in the market value of the assets we invest in may adversely affect us particularly in instances where we have borrowed money based on the market value of those assets. If the market value of those assets declines, the lender may require us to post additional collateral to support the loan. If we were unable to post the additional collateral, we may have to sell assets at a time when we might not otherwise choose to do so. A reduction in credit available may reduce our earnings and, in turn, cash available for distribution to our investors.

Further, credit facility providers may require us to maintain a certain amount of cash reserves or to set aside unlevered assets sufficient to maintain a specified liquidity position, which would allow us to satisfy our collateral obligations. As a result, we may not be able to leverage our assets as fully as we would choose, which could reduce our return on equity. If we are unable to meet these contractual obligations, our financial condition could deteriorate rapidly.

Market values of our investments may decline for a number of reasons, such as changes in prevailing market rates, increases in defaults, increases in voluntary prepayments for those investments that we have that are subject to prepayment risk, widening of credit spreads and downgrades of ratings of the securities by ratings agencies.

A prolonged economic slowdown, a lengthy or severe recession or declining real estate values could harm our operations.

Our investments may be susceptible to economic slowdowns or recessions, which could lead to financial losses in our investments and a decrease in revenues, net income and assets. An economic slowdown or recession, in addition to other non-economic factors such as an excess supply of properties, could have a material negative impact on the values of, and the cash flows from, residential real estate properties, which could significantly harm our revenues, results of operations, financial condition, business prospects and our ability to make distributions to our investors. 

In addition, possible future declines in rental rates and expectations of future rental concessions, including free rent to renew tenants early, to retain tenants who are up for renewal or to attract new tenants, or requests from tenants for rent abatements during periods when they are severely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, may result in decreases in cash flows from properties. 

Deficiencies in our internal controls over financial reporting could adversely affect our ability to present accurately our financial statements and could materially and adversely affect us, including our business, reputation, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.

Effective internal controls over financial reporting are necessary for us to accurately report our financial results. There can be no guarantee that our internal controls will be effective in accomplishing all control objectives all of the time. As we grow our business, our internal controls will become more complex, and we may require significantly more resources to ensure our internal controls remain effective. Deficiencies, including any material weakness, in our internal control over financial reporting could result in misstatements of our results of operations that could require a restatement, failing to meet our reporting obligations and causing investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information. These events could materially and adversely affect us, including our business, reputation, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.

Risks Related to U.S. Federal Income Tax Matters

The failure of a series to qualify or remain qualified as a REIT would subject the series to U.S. federal income tax and potentially state and local tax and would adversely affect the series’ operations and the market price of the series’ interests.

We intend for each series to elect and qualify to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code, commencing with the first full taxable year following the closing of a series offering and intend to operate such series in a manner that would allow us to continue to qualify as a REIT. However, we may terminate a series’ REIT qualification, if the manager determines that not qualifying as a REIT is in the best interests of a series, or inadvertently. A series’ qualification as a REIT depends upon its ability to meet, through actual annual operating results, distribution levels, and diversity of stock ownership, the various and complex REIT qualification tests imposed under the Internal Revenue Code. To qualify as a REIT, a series must comply with certain highly technical and complex requirements. We cannot be certain that a series has complied or will comply with these requirements because there are few judicial and administrative interpretations of these provisions. In addition, facts and circumstances that may be beyond our control may affect our ability for each series to qualify as a REIT. We cannot assure you that new legislation, regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions will not change the tax laws significantly with respect to a series’ qualification as a REIT or with respect to the federal income tax consequences of qualification. We cannot assure you that we will qualify or will remain qualified as a REIT.

If a series fails to qualify as a REIT, it will not be allowed to deduct distributions to investors in computing taxable income and will be subject to federal income tax at regular rates. In addition, the series would be barred from qualification as a REIT for the four taxable years following disqualification. The additional tax incurred at regular corporate rates would significantly reduce the taxable cash flow available for distribution to investors and for debt service. Furthermore, the series would no longer be required by the Internal Revenue Code to make any distributions to our investors as a condition of REIT qualification. Any distributions to investors would be taxable as ordinary income to the extent of the series current and accumulated earnings and profits. Corporate distributees, however, may be eligible for the dividends received deduction on the distributions, subject to limitations under the Internal Revenue Code.

Even if a series qualifies as a REIT, in certain circumstances, it may incur tax liabilities that would reduce its cash available for distribution to our investors.

Even if a series qualifies and maintains its status as a REIT, it may be subject to U.S. federal, state and local income taxes. For example, net income from the sale of properties that are “dealer” properties sold by a REIT (a “prohibited transaction” under the Internal Revenue Code) will be subject to a 100% excise tax, and some state and local jurisdictions may tax some or all of our income because not all states and localities treat REITs the same as they are treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes. A series may not make sufficient distributions to avoid excise taxes applicable to REITs. A series also may decide to retain net capital gain we earn from the sale or other disposition of our property and pay U.S. federal income tax directly on such income. In that event, our investors would be treated as if they earned that income and paid the tax on it directly. However, investors that are tax-exempt, such as charities or qualified pension plans, would have no benefit from their deemed payment of such tax liability unless they file U.S. federal income tax returns and thereon seek a refund of such tax. A series also will be subject to corporate tax on any undistributed REIT taxable income. In addition, if a series acquires any asset from a corporation that is or has been a C corporation in a transaction in which the series’ tax basis in the asset is less than the fair market value of the asset, in each case determined as of the date on which it acquired the asset, and it subsequently recognizes gain on the disposition of the asset during the five-year period beginning on the date on which it acquired the asset, then it generally will be required to pay regular U.S. federal corporate income tax on this gain to the extent of the excess of (1) the fair market value of the asset over (2) its adjusted tax basis in the asset, in each case determined as of the date on which it acquired the asset. Cash used for paying taxes will not be available for distribution or reinvestment by the series.

The taxation of distributions to our investors can be complex; however, distributions that we make to our investors generally will be taxable as ordinary income or constitute a return of capital, which may reduce your anticipated return from an investment in us.

Distributions that a series makes to our taxable investors out of current and accumulated earnings and profits (and not designated as capital gain dividends or qualified dividend income) generally will be taxable as ordinary income. However, a portion of our distributions may (1) constitute a return of capital generally to the extent that they exceed our accumulated earnings and profits as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes, (2) be designated by us as capital gain dividends generally taxable as long-term capital gain to the extent that they are attributable to net capital gain recognized by us, or (3) be designated by us as qualified dividend income generally to the extent they are attributable to dividends we receive from our TRSs. A return of capital is not taxable, but has the effect of reducing the basis of an investor’s investment in our interests. Due to our investment in real estate, depreciation deductions and interest expense may reduce our earnings and profits in our early years with the result that a large portion of distributions to our investors in early years may constitute a return of capital rather than ordinary income.

Dividends payable by REITs generally do not qualify for the reduced tax rates available for some dividends.

Qualified dividend income payable to U.S. investors that are individuals, trusts, and estates is subject to the reduced maximum tax rate applicable to long-term capital gains. Dividends payable by REITs, however, generally are not eligible for this reduced rate. For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026, non-corporate taxpayers may deduct up to 20% of certain pass-through business income, including “qualified REIT dividends” (generally, dividends received by a REIT that are not designated as capital gain dividends or qualified income), subject to certain limitations, resulting in an effective maximum federal income tax rate of 29.6% on such income. In addition, individuals, trusts, and estates whose income exceeds certain thresholds are subject to 3.8% Medicare tax on dividends received by us. Although the reduced U.S. federal income tax rate applicable to qualified dividend income does not adversely affect the taxation of REITs or dividends payable by REITs, the more favorable rates applicable to regular corporate dividends could cause investors who are individuals, trusts, and estates to perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive than investments in the stocks of non-REIT corporations that pay dividends, which could adversely affect the value of the interests of the REITs, including our interests. Tax rates could be changed in future legislation.

A series could fail to qualify as a REIT if it cannot make distributions sufficient to meet the annual distribution requirements.

In order to qualify as a REIT, a series must distribute annually to investors at least 90% of its REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the deduction for distributions paid and excluding any net capital gain. To the extent that a series does not distribute all of its net capital gains or distributes at least 90%, but less than 100% of its REIT taxable income, as adjusted, the series will have to pay tax on those amounts at the federal corporate tax rate. A series will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on its undistributed REIT taxable income and net capital gain and to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on any amount by which distributions it pays with respect to any calendar year are less than the sum of (1) 85% of its ordinary income, (2) 95% of its capital gain net income and (3) 100% of its undistributed income from prior years. These requirements could cause a series to distribute amounts that otherwise would be spent on investments in real estate assets and it is possible that a series might be required to borrow funds, possibly at unfavorable rates, or sell assets to fund these distributions. Although a series intends to make distributions sufficient to meet the annual distribution requirements and to avoid U.S. federal income and excise taxes on earnings while a series qualifies as a REIT, it is possible that a series might not always be able to do so.

If a series were considered to actually or constructively pay a “preferential dividend” to certain of our investors, the series’ status as a REIT could be adversely affected.

In order to qualify as a REIT, a series must distribute annually to its investors at least 90% of the series’ REIT taxable income (which does not equal net income, as calculated in accordance with GAAP), determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gain. In order for distributions to be counted as satisfying the annual distribution requirements for REITs, and to provide the series with a REIT-level tax deduction, the distributions must not be “preferential dividends.” A dividend is not a preferential dividend if the distribution is pro rata among all outstanding interests within a particular class, and in accordance with the preferences among different classes of stock as set forth in our organizational documents. Currently, there is uncertainty as to the IRS’s position regarding whether certain arrangements that REITs have with their investors could give rise to the inadvertent payment of a preferential dividend. While we believe that our operations have been structured in such a manner that we will not be treated as inadvertently paying preferential dividends, there is no de minimis exception with respect to preferential dividends. Therefore, if the IRS were to take the position that a series inadvertently paid a preferential dividend, the series may be deemed either to (a) have distributed less than 100% of its REIT taxable income and be subject to tax on the undistributed portion, or (b) have distributed less than 90% of its REIT taxable income and the series status as a REIT could be terminated for the year in which such determination is made if the series were unable to cure such failure. If, however, a series qualifies as a “publicly offered REIT” (within the meaning of Section 562(c) of the Internal Revenue Code) in the future, the preferential dividend rules will cease to apply to us. We do not expect a series to become a publicly-offered REIT and, therefore, the preferential dividend rule will continue to be applicable. In addition, the IRS is authorized to provide alternative remedies to cure a failure to comply with the preferential dividend rules, but as of the date hereof, no such authorized procedures have been promulgated.

Complying with REIT requirements may limit our ability to hedge our liabilities effectively and may cause us to incur tax liabilities.

The REIT provisions of the Internal Revenue Code may limit our ability to hedge our liabilities. Any income from a hedging transaction we enter into to manage risk of interest rate changes, price changes or currency fluctuations with respect to borrowings made or to be made to acquire or carry real estate assets, if properly identified under applicable Treasury Regulations, does not constitute “gross income” for purposes of the 75% or 95% gross income tests. To the extent that we enter into other types of hedging transactions, the income from those transactions will likely be treated as non-qualifying income for purposes of both of the gross income tests. As a result of these rules, we may need to limit our use of advantageous hedging techniques or implement those hedges through a TRS. This could increase the cost of our hedging activities because our TRSs would be subject to tax on gains or expose us to greater risks associated with changes in interest rates than we would otherwise want to bear. In addition, losses in a TRS generally will not provide any tax benefit, except for being carried forward against future taxable income of such TRS.

Complying with REIT requirements may force a series to forgo or liquidate attractive investments.

To qualify as a REIT, a series must ensure that it meets the REIT gross income tests annually and that at the end of each calendar quarter, at least 75% of the value of its assets consists of cash, cash items, government securities and qualified REIT real estate assets. The remainder of a series’ investment in securities (other than government securities and qualified real estate assets) generally cannot include more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer or more than 10% of the total value of the outstanding securities of any one issuer. In addition, in general, no more than 5% of the value of a series’ assets (other than government securities and qualified real estate assets) can consist of the securities of any one issuer, and no more than 20% of the value of a series’ total securities can be represented by securities of one or more taxable REIT subsidiaries. If a series fails to comply with these requirements at the end of any calendar quarter, it must correct the failure within 30 days after the end of the calendar quarter or qualify for certain statutory relief provisions to avoid losing REIT qualification and suffering adverse tax consequences. As a result, a series may be required to liquidate assets from its portfolio or not make otherwise attractive investments in order to maintain its qualification as a REIT. These actions could have the effect of reducing a series’ income and amounts available for distribution to investors.

The ability of the manager to revoke the REIT qualification of a series without approval may subject a series to U.S. federal income tax and reduce distributions to our investors.

The operating agreement provides that the manager may revoke or otherwise terminate a series’ REIT election, without the approval of our investors, if it determines that it is no longer in a series’ best interest to continue to qualify as a REIT. While we intend for each series to elect and qualify to be taxed as a REIT, a series may not elect to be treated as a REIT or may terminate its REIT election if we determine that qualifying as a REIT is no longer in the best interests of our investors. If a series ceases to be a REIT, it would become subject to U.S. federal income tax on its taxable income and would no longer be required to distribute most of its taxable income to our investors, which may have adverse consequences on the total return to our investors and on the market price of the series’ interests.

Legislative or regulatory action with respect to tax laws and regulations could adversely affect our company and our investors.

On December 22, 2017, H.R. 1, informally titled the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or the TCJA, was enacted.  The TCJA made major changes to the Internal Revenue Code, including a number of provisions of the Internal Revenue Code that affect the taxation of REITs and their investors. The long-term effect of the significant changes made by the TCJA remains uncertain, and additional administrative guidance will be required in order to fully evaluate the effect of many provisions. The effect of technical corrections with respect to the TCJA could have an adverse effect on our company and our investors. We are also subject to state and local tax laws and regulations. Changes in state and local tax laws or regulations may result in an increase in our tax liability. A shortfall in tax revenues for states and municipalities in which we operate may lead to an increase in the frequency and size of such changes. If such changes occur, we may be required to pay additional taxes on our assets or income. These increased costs could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and the amount of cash available for the payment of dividends.

In addition, in recent years, numerous legislative, judicial and administrative changes have been made to the federal income tax laws applicable to investments in REITs and similar entities. Additional changes to tax laws are likely to continue to occur in the future, and we cannot assure our investors that any such changes will not adversely affect an investment in our interests.

Although REITs generally receive better tax treatment than entities taxed as regular corporations, it is possible that future legislation would result in a REIT having fewer tax advantages, and it could become more advantageous for a company that invests in real estate to elect to be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as a corporation. As a result, the operating agreement provides the manager with the power, under certain circumstances, to revoke or otherwise terminate a series’ REIT election and cause such series to be taxed as a regular corporation, without the vote of our investors. The manager could only cause such changes in a series’ tax treatment if it determines in good faith that such changes are in the best interest of the series’ investors.

You are urged to consult with your tax advisor with respect to the impact of recent legislation on your investment in our interests and the status of legislative, regulatory or administrative developments and proposals and their potential effect on an investment in our interests. 

The ownership restrictions of the Internal Revenue Code for REITs and the 9.8% ownership limit in the operating agreement may inhibit market activity in our interests and restrict our business combination opportunities

The Internal Revenue Code imposes certain limitations on the ownership of the stock of a REIT. For example, not more than 50% in value of our outstanding interests of capital stock may be owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals (as defined in the Internal Revenue Code) during the last half of any taxable year. To protect a series’ REIT status, the operating agreement prohibits any holder from acquiring more than 9.8% (in value or number of interests, whichever is more restrictive) of the aggregate of the outstanding total capital stock of a series or more than 9.8% (in value or number of interests, whichever is more restrictive) of our interests or any class or series of the outstanding interests unless the manager determines that it is no longer in a series’ best interests to continue to qualify as a REIT or that compliance with the restriction is no longer required in order for the series to continue to so qualify as a REIT. The ownership limitation may limit the opportunity for investors to receive a premium for their interests that might otherwise exist if an investor were attempting to assemble a block of interests in excess of 9.8% of the outstanding interests or otherwise effect a change in control.

Potential characterization of distributions or gain on sale may be treated as unrelated business taxable income to tax-exempt investors.

If (a) we are a “pension-held REIT,” (b) a tax-exempt entity has incurred (or deemed to have incurred) debt to purchase or hold our interests, or (c) a holder of our interests is a certain type of tax-exempt entity, dividends on, and gains recognized on the sale of, our interests by such tax-exempt entity may be subject to U.S. federal income tax as unrelated business taxable income under the Internal Revenue Code.

Dividend income received in respect of a series’ interests and gain from the sale of interests could be treated as effectively connected income.

Subject to certain exceptions, distributions received from a series will be treated as dividends of ordinary income to the extent of a series’ current or accumulated earnings and profits. Such dividends ordinarily will be subject to U.S. withholding tax at a 30% rate, or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty, unless the distributions are treated as “effectively connected” with the conduct by the non-U.S. shareholder of a U.S. trade or business. Pursuant to the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act of 1980, or “FIRPTA,” capital gain distributions attributable to sales or exchanges of U.S. real property interests, or “USRPIs,” generally will be taxed to a non-U.S. shareholder as if such gain were effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business. However, a capital gain distribution will not be treated as effectively connected income if (1) the distribution is received with respect to a class of shares that is regularly traded on an established securities market located in the United States and (2) the non-U.S. shareholder does not own more than 10% of the class of our shares at any time during the one-year period ending on the date the distribution is received. We do not anticipate that interests will be “regularly traded” on an established securities market, and, therefore, this exception is not expected to apply.

Gain recognized by a non-U.S. investor upon the sale or exchange of interests generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxation unless such interests constitute a USRPI within the meaning of FIRPTA. Interests will not constitute a USRPI so long as a series is a “domestically-controlled qualified investment entity.” A domestically-controlled qualified investment entity includes a REIT if at all times during a specified testing period, less than 50% in value of such REIT’s shares is held directly or indirectly by non-U.S. shareholders. There can be no assurances that a series will be a domestically-controlled qualified investment entity.

Even if a series does not qualify as a domestically-controlled qualified investment entity at the time a non-U.S. investor sells or exchanges its interests, gain arising from such a sale or exchange would not be subject to U.S. taxation under FIRPTA as a sale of a USRPI if: (1) interests are “regularly traded,” as defined by applicable Treasury Regulations, on an established securities market, and (2) such non-U.S. investor owned, actually and constructively, 10% or less of interests at any time during the five-year period ending on the date of the sale. However, as noted above, we do not anticipate that a series’ interests will be “regularly traded” on an established securities market. We encourage our non-U.S. investors to consult an independent tax advisor to determine the tax consequences applicable to them.

Risks Related to Ownership of our Interests

There is currently no public trading market for our securities.

There is currently no public trading market for any of our series interests, and an active market may not develop or be sustained.  If an active public trading market for our securities does not develop or is not sustained, it may be difficult or impossible for you to resell your interests at any price. Even if a public market does develop, the market price could decline below the amount you paid for your interests.

In its sole discretion, including to protect our operations and our non-redeemed investors and to prevent an undue burden on our liquidity, the manager could amend, suspend or terminate our redemption plan without notice. Further, the redemption plan includes numerous restrictions that would limit your ability to sell your interests. We describe these restrictions in more detail under “Description of the Securities Being Offered⸺Redemption Plan.” Therefore, it will be difficult for you to redeem and/or sell your interests promptly or at all. If you are able to sell your interests, you would likely have to sell them at a substantial discount to their public offering price. It is also likely that your interests would not be accepted as the primary collateral for a loan. Because of the illiquid nature of our series interests, you should purchase our interests only as a long-term investment and be prepared to hold them for an indefinite period of time.

If a market ever develops for our interests, the market price and trading volume may be volatile.

If a market develops for our interests, the market price of our interests could fluctuate significantly for many reasons, including reasons unrelated to our performance, the series properties or the series, such as reports by industry analysts, investor perceptions, or announcements by our competitors regarding their own performance, as well as general economic and industry conditions. For example, to the extent that other companies, whether large or small, within our industry experience declines in their share prices, the value of our interests may decline as well.

In addition, fluctuations in operating results of a particular series or the failure of operating results to meet the expectations of investors may negatively impact the price of our securities. Operating results may fluctuate in the future due to a variety of factors that could negatively affect revenues or expenses in any particular reporting period, including vulnerability of our business to a general economic downturn; changes in the laws that affect our operations; competition; compensation related expenses; application of accounting standards; seasonality; and our ability to obtain and maintain all necessary certifications or licenses to conduct our business.

There may be state law restrictions on an investor’s ability to sell the interests.

Each state has its own securities laws, often called “blue sky” laws, which (1) limit sales of securities to a state’s residents unless the securities are registered in that state or qualify for an exemption from registration and (2) govern the reporting requirements for broker-dealers and stockbrokers doing business directly or indirectly in the state. Before a security is sold in a state, there must be a registration in place to cover the transaction, or it must be exempt from registration. Also, Dalmore must be registered in that state. We do not know whether our securities will be registered, or exempt, under the laws of any states. A determination regarding registration will be made by broker-dealers, if any, who agree to serve as the market-makers for our interests. There may be significant state blue sky law restrictions on the ability of investors to sell, and on purchasers to buy, our interests. Investors should consider the resale market for our securities to be limited. Investors may be unable to resell their securities, or they may be unable to resell them without the significant expense of state registration or qualification. 

Investors are limited in their ability to sell their series interests pursuant to our redemption plan. You may not be able to sell any of your interests back to us, and if you do sell your interests, you may not receive the price you paid upon subscription.

Our redemption plan may provide you with an opportunity to have your series interests redeemed by us. We anticipate that our interests may be redeemed by us on a quarterly basis upon written request to be generated through the Arrived Homes platform to us at least seven (7) days prior to the effective redemption date. However, our redemption plan contains certain restrictions and limitations, including those relating to the number of interests that we can redeem at any given time and limiting the redemption price. Specifically, we intend to limit the number of interests to be redeemed during any calendar year to no more than 10.00% of our series interests outstanding (or 2.50% per calendar quarter, with excess capacity carried over to later calendar quarters in that calendar year). However, as we intend to make a number of residential real estate investments, the manager may elect to increase or decrease the number of interests available for redemption in any given month or quarter, as these real estate assets are paid off or sold, with the intention, in the aggregate, to not redeem more than 10.00% of our series interests in any calendar year.

Finally, the manager reserves the right to reject any redemption request for any reason or no reason or to amend or terminate the redemption plan without prior notice. Therefore, you may not have the opportunity to make a redemption request prior to a potential termination of the redemption plan and you may not be able to sell any of your series interests back to us pursuant to the redemption plan. Moreover, if you do sell your interests back to us pursuant to the redemption plan, you may not receive the same price you paid for the interests being redeemed. See “Description of the Securities Being Offered—Redemption Plan.”

Investors’ limited voting rights restrict their ability to affect the operations of the company or a series. 

Our manager has a unilateral ability to amend the operating agreement and the allocation policy in certain circumstances without the consent of the investors.  The investors only have limited voting rights in respect of the series in which they are invested. Investors will therefore be subject to any amendments the manager makes (if any) to the operating agreement and allocation policy and also any decision it takes in respect of our company and the applicable series, which the investors do not get a right to vote upon. Investors may not necessarily agree with such amendments or decisions and such amendments or decisions may not be in the best interests of all of the investors as a whole but only a limited number.

Furthermore, our manager can only be removed as manager of our company and each series of interests in a very limited circumstance, following a non-appealable judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction to have committed fraud in connection with our company or a series of interests. Investors would therefore not be able to remove the manager merely because they did not agree, for example, with how the manager was operating a series property.

This offering is being conducted on a “best efforts” basis and we may not be able to execute our growth strategy if we are unable to raise this capital.

We are offering the interests on a “best efforts” basis, and we can give no assurance that all of the offered interests will be sold. If you invest in our interests and more than the minimum number of offered interests are sold, but less than all of the offered interests are sold, the risk of losing your entire investment will be increased. If substantially less than the maximum amount of interests offered are sold, we may be unable to fund all the intended uses described in this offering circular from the net proceeds anticipated from this offering without obtaining funds from alternative sources or using working capital that we generate. Alternative sources of funding may not be available to us at what we consider to be a reasonable cost, and the working capital generated by us may not be sufficient to fund any uses not financed by offering net proceeds.

The offering price for the interests determined by us may not necessarily bear any relationship to established valuation criteria such as earnings, book value or assets that may be agreed to between purchasers and sellers in private transactions or that may prevail in the market if and when our interests can be traded publicly.

The price of the interests is a derivative result of the cost that a series is expected to incur in acquiring a property.  These prices do not necessarily accurately reflect the actual value of the interests or the price that may be realized upon disposition of the interests.

Funds from purchasers accompanying subscriptions for the interests will not accrue interest while in escrow.

The funds paid by an investor for interests will be held in a non-interest-bearing escrow account until the admission of the subscriber as an investor in the applicable series, if such subscription is accepted. Purchasers will not have the use of such funds or receive interest thereon pending the completion of the offering. No subscriptions will be accepted, and no interests will be sold unless valid subscriptions for the offering are received and accepted prior to the termination of the applicable offering. If we terminate an offering prior to accepting a subscriber’s subscription, escrowed funds will be returned promptly, without interest or deduction, to the proposed investor.

Any dispute in relation to the operating agreement is subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, except where federal law requires that certain claims be brought in federal courts.  The operating agreement, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, provides for investors to waive their right to a jury trial.

Each investor will covenant and agree not to bring any claim in any venue other than the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, or if required by federal law, a federal court of the United States, as in the case of claims brought under the Exchange Act. Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. As a result, the exclusive forum provision will not apply to suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. Furthermore, Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. As a result, the exclusive forum provisions will not apply to suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or any other claim for which the federal and state courts have concurrent jurisdiction, and investors will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

If an interest holder were to bring a claim against our company or the manager pursuant to the operating agreement and such claim was governed by state law, it would have to bring such claim in the Delaware Court of Chancery. The operating agreement, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law and subject to limited exceptions, provides for investors to consent to exclusive jurisdiction to Delaware Court of Chancery and for a waiver of the right to a trial by jury, if such waiver is allowed by the court where the claim is brought.

If we opposed a jury trial demand based on the waiver, the court would determine whether the waiver was enforceable based on the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with the applicable state and federal law. To our knowledge, the enforceability of a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver in connection with claims arising under the federal securities laws has not been finally adjudicated by the United States Supreme Court. However, we believe that a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision is generally enforceable, including under the laws of the Delaware, which govern the operating agreement, by a federal or state court in the State of Delaware, which has exclusive jurisdiction over matters arising under the operating agreement. In determining whether to enforce a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision, courts will generally consider whether a party knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waived the right to a jury trial.

We believe that this is the case with respect to the operating agreement and our interests. It is advisable that you consult legal counsel regarding the jury waiver provision before entering into the operating agreement. Nevertheless, if this jury trial waiver provision is not permitted by applicable law, an action could proceed under the terms of the operating agreement with a jury trial. No condition, stipulation or provision of the operating agreement or our interests serves as a waiver by any investor or beneficial owner of our interests or by us of compliance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. Additionally, our company does not believe that claims under the federal securities laws shall be subject to the jury trial waiver provision, and our company believes that the provision does not impact the rights of any investor or beneficial owner of our interests to bring claims under the federal securities laws or the rules and regulations thereunder.

These provisions may have the effect of limiting the ability of investors to bring a legal claim against us due to geographic limitations and may limit an investor’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us. Furthermore, waiver of a trial by jury may disadvantage an investor to the extent a judge might be less likely than a jury to resolve an action in the investor’s favor. Further, if a court were to find this exclusive forum provision inapplicable to, or unenforceable in respect of, an action or proceeding against us, then we may incur additional costs associated with resolving these matters in other jurisdictions, which could materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

DILUTION

Dilution means a reduction in value, control or earnings of the interests an investor owns. There will be no dilution to any investors associated with our series offerings. However, from time to time, additional interests in a series offered hereby may be issued in order to raise capital to cover such series’ ongoing Operating Expenses, which may result in dilution of the interests of the then-current investors. See “Description of Business-Operating Policies-Equity Capital Policies” for further details.

DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS

Company Overview – Our Mission

Arrived Homes II, LLC, a Delaware series limited liability company, was formed in February 2022 to permit public investment in specific single-family rental homes. We believe people should have the freedom to move to pursue new opportunities in their lives while still having access to the wealth creation that long-term home ownership and real estate investment can provide. To support this idea, we are building what we believe to be a new model for home ownership and real estate investment that doesn’t lock people into a single home or city. We believe in passive income, conservative debt, freedom to move, diversification, and aligned incentives.

Arrived is a marketplace for investing in homes. We buy single family homes, lease them, divide them into multiple interests, and offer them as investments on a per interest basis through our web-based platform. Investors can manage their risk by spreading their investments across a portfolio of homes, they can invest in real estate without needing to apply for mortgages or take on personal debt, and they can move to new homes or cities and continue holding their Arrived investments without having to worry about selling homes they’re invested in.

Arrived does all of the work of sourcing, analyzing, maintaining, and managing all of the homes that we acquire. We analyze every home investment across several financial, market, and demographic characteristics to support our acquisition decision-making. Every investment we make is an investment in the communities in which Arrived operates, alongside other like-minded individuals. As our community network grows, so does our access to investment and housing opportunities.

Arrived rents the homes we acquire to tenants who can also invest through the same process as any other member of the Arrived Homes platform, becoming part owners of the homes they’re living in at that time. By investing together, we align incentives towards creating value for everyone.

Our Series LLC Structure

Each single family rental home that we acquire will be owned by a separate series of our company that we will establish to acquire that home.  Each series may hold the specific property that it acquires in a wholly-owned subsidiary, which would be a limited liability company organized under laws of the state in which the series property is located. 

As a Delaware series limited liability company, the debts, liabilities, obligations and expenses incurred, contracted for or otherwise existing with respect to a particular series are segregated and enforceable only against the assets of such series, as provided under Delaware law.  We intend for each series to elect and qualify to be taxed as a separate real estate investment trust, or REIT, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, commencing with the taxable year ending after the completion of the initial public offering of interests of such series.

Our company’s core business will be the identification, acquisition, marketing and management of individual single family rental homes for the benefit of our investors. Each series is intended to own a single property.

Investment Objectives

Our investment objectives are: 

We cannot assure you that we will attain these objectives or that the value of our assets will not decrease. 

Our Investment Criteria

Our home acquisition investments are evaluated against the following primary characteristics:

Our Investment Process

Our investment process leverages our network of renter demand, experienced team members, and data analysis to make our investment decisions:

Our Manager

We are managed by Arrived Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation. Pursuant to the terms of our operating agreement, the manager will provide certain management and advisory services to us and to each of our series and their subsidiaries, if any, as well as a management team and appropriate support personnel.  The manager is a technology-enabled asset management company that operates a web-based investment platform, the Arrived Homes platform, used by our company for the offer and sale of interests in the series of our company.

Investment Strategy – Our Market Opportunity

Our investment strategy is to acquire, invest in, manage, operate, selectively leverage and sell single family homes located in vibrant, growing cities across America. We believe that these markets offer investors a blend of attractive capitalization rates and a strong prospect for long term property value appreciation.

Market Selection

We intend to focus our business efforts on the top 100 MSAs (metropolitan statistical areas with populations greater than 500,000) which exhibit the following characteristics:

For a brief overview of the particular geographic market in which a series property is located, see the individual series property listings in the section titled “The Series Properties Being Offered” below.

We focus on acquiring properties we believe (1) are likely to generate stable cash flows in the long term and (2) have significant possibilities for long-term capital appreciation, such as those located in neighborhoods with what we see as high growth potential and those available from sellers who are distressed or face time-sensitive deadlines. 

We may enter into one or more joint ventures, tenant-in-common investments or other co-ownership arrangements for the acquisition, development or improvement of properties with third parties or affiliates of the manager, including present and future real estate investment offerings sponsored by affiliates of the manager. 

Investment Decisions and Asset Management 

Within our investment policies and objectives, the manager will have discretion with respect to the selection of specific investments and the purchase and sale of our properties. We believe that successful real estate investment requires the implementation of strategies that permit favorable purchases, effective asset management and timely disposition of those assets. As such, we have developed a disciplined investment approach that combines the experience of our manager with a structure that emphasizes thorough market research, stringent underwriting standards and an extensive down-side analysis of the risks of each investment. The approach also includes active and aggressive management of each asset acquired.

To execute our disciplined investment approach, the manager will take responsibility for the business plan of each investment. The following practices summarize our investment approach:

Investments in Real Property

Our investment in real estate generally will take the form of holding fee title or a long-term leasehold estate. We will acquire such interests either directly or indirectly through limited liability companies or through investments in joint ventures, partnerships, co-tenancies or other co-ownership arrangements with third parties, including developers of the properties, or with affiliates of the manager. In addition, we may purchase properties and lease them back to the sellers of such properties. Although we will use our best efforts to structure any such sale-leaseback transaction such that the lease will be characterized as a “true lease” so that we will be treated as the owner of the property for federal income tax purposes, the Internal Revenue Service could challenge such characterization. If any such sale-leaseback transaction is recharacterized as a financing transaction for U.S. federal income tax purposes, deductions for depreciation and cost recovery relating to such property would be disallowed. 

Our obligation to purchase any property generally will be conditioned upon the delivery and verification of certain documents from the seller or developer, including, where appropriate:

We may seek to enter into arrangements with the seller or developer of a property whereby the seller or developer agrees that, if during a stated period the property does not generate a specified cash flow, the seller or developer will pay in cash to us a sum necessary to reach the specified cash flow level, subject in some cases to negotiated dollar limitations. In determining whether to purchase a particular property, we may, in accordance with customary practices, obtain an option on such property. The amount paid for an option, if any, is normally surrendered if the property is not purchased and is normally credited against the purchase price if the property is purchased. The terms and conditions of any apartment lease that we enter into with our residents may vary substantially; however, we expect that a majority of our leases will be standardized leases customarily used between landlords and residents for residential properties. Such standardized leases generally have terms of one year or less. All prospective residents for our residential properties will be required to submit a credit application.

In purchasing, leasing and developing properties, we will be subject to risks generally incident to the ownership of real estate.  

Investment Process

The manager has the authority to make all the decisions regarding our investments consistent with the investment objectives and leverage policies approved by the manager and subject to the limitations in the operating agreement.

The manager will focus on the sourcing, acquisition and management of residential properties. It will source our investments from former and current financing and investment partners, third-party intermediaries, competitors looking to share risk and investment, and securitization or lending departments of major financial institutions.

In selecting investments for us, the manager will utilize the manager’s investment and underwriting process, which focuses on ensuring that each prospective investment is being evaluated appropriately. In addition to the specific investment criteria listed above, our manager will consider the following factors when evaluating prospective investment opportunities: 

If a potential investment meets the manager’s underwriting criteria, the manager will review the proposed transaction structure, including, with respect to joint ventures, distribution and waterfall criteria, governance and control rights, buy-sell provisions and recourse provisions. The manager will evaluate our position within the overall capital structure and our rights in relation to other partners or capital tranches. The manager will analyze each potential investment’s risk-return profile and review financing sources, if applicable, to ensure that the investment fits within the parameters of financing facilities and to ensure performance of the real estate asset.  

Leverage Policy

We may employ leverage to enhance total returns to our investors through a combination of senior financing on our real estate acquisitions, secured facilities, and capital markets financing transactions. We will seek to secure conservatively structured leverage that is long-term, non-recourse, non-mark-to-market financing to the extent obtainable on a cost effective basis. To the extent leverage is employed it may come either in the form of government-sponsored programs or other long-term, non-recourse, non-mark-to-market financing. The manager may from time to time modify our leverage policy in its discretion. However, it is our policy to not borrow more than 69% of the greater of cost (before deducting depreciation or other non-cash reserves) or fair market value of our assets. We cannot exceed the leverage limit of our leverage policy unless any excess in borrowing over such level is approved by the manager.

Acquisition Mechanics

Typically, each series will acquire its series property prior to the commencement or closing of that series’ offering. Each series property will be fully described in the offering circular as it may be amended to include new series offerings. In each such offering circular, information relating to the series property being offered, such as the description and specifications of the series property, the purchase price of the series property and the relevant terms of purchase, will be disclosed.

It is not anticipated that a series will own any assets other than its series property, plus cash reserves for maintenance, insurance and other expenses pertaining to the series property and amounts earned by the series from the monetization of the series property, if any.  Each series may hold the specific property that it acquires in a wholly-owned subsidiary which would be a limited liability company organized under laws of the state in which the series property is located. 

A series may acquire its property either from an unaffiliated third party or from an affiliate. The differences in these acquisition methods are described below:  

If a new property is to be acquired for a new series prior to the establishment of that series, the manager will enter into a purchase and sale agreement with the third-party seller to acquire the property on behalf of the new series. The manager will negotiate with the third-party seller on behalf of the to-be-organized series the purchase price for the new property and related purchase terms and conditions which will be specified in an offer to purchase real estate agreement, or purchase and sale agreement, by and between the manager and the property seller, a form of which has been filed as an exhibit to the offering statement of which this offering circular is a part. Once the new series is established, the manager will either assign the purchase and sale agreement to that series or the purchase and sale agreement will be re-executed with the new series as the buying party.

Typically, a series will hold its property in a wholly owned limited liability company subsidiary organized in the state where the property is located.

Purchase price funds to acquire a new property from a third party will be provided by some combination of mortgage proceeds and cash payment. The funding and closing of the property acquisition may take place prior to the beginning of the series offering, during the offering or at the time of closing of the offering. If the property acquisition closing takes place prior to the closing of the series offering, the cash component of the property purchase price will be provided by the manager as a loan to the series for payment to the third-party seller. In turn, the series will issue to the manager a promissory note in the amount of the manager’s loan. The proceeds of the new series offering, net of sales commissions, if any, will be used to repay the outstanding balance, plus accrued but unpaid interest, on the promissory note issued to the manager.  The series will also pay the manager a sourcing fee as indicated below in the use of proceeds table for the series.   If by the termination date of the offering the series does not raise sufficient funds in the offering to repay the manager the outstanding principal balance on the promissory note, (i) the available net proceeds of the offering will be used to pay down the promissory note to the extent possible and (ii) any outstanding balance on the promissory note will be converted into interests in the series and issued to the manager. Such interests will be valued at the same price as offered to investors in the series offering. 

If the entity selling the property to a series is the manager or an affiliate of the manager who had previously purchased the property from a third-party seller, the series will purchase the property (or a 100% interest in the LLC that may own the property) at a purchase price equal to the price the manager or affiliate actually paid for the property (inclusive of acquisition and closing costs).  The series will also pay the manager (or the affiliate of the manager) the sourcing fee as indicated in the use of proceeds table for the particular offering. The series will purchase the property through the issuance to the manager (or the affiliate of the manager) of a promissory note in the full amount of the purchase price of the series property inclusive of acquisition and closing costs. Typically, a series will hold its property in a wholly owned limited liability company subsidiary organized in the state where the property is located.

The series will repay the promissory note, along with accrued interest at a to-be-determined annual interest rate, with net proceeds from the series offering. Prior to the repayment of the note, the manager (or the affiliate of the manager) will retain all rental income derived from the series property, net of concessions, taxes, insurance, HOA dues and costs of repair. If the series does not raise sufficient funds in its offering to fully repay the promissory note within the 12 months following the date of the offering circular amendment relating to that series, the balance due on the promissory note, along with accrued but unpaid interest, will be converted into interests in the series at the series offering price.

The manager reserves the right to adjust the acquisition mechanics described above in its sole discretion. To the extent that the manager does so adjust the acquisition mechanics in any material way, we will file a supplement to this offering circular to reflect such material adjustment.

Operating Policies

Credit Risk Management. We may be exposed to various levels of credit and special hazard risk depending on the nature of our assets. The manager and its executive officers will review and monitor credit risk and other risks of loss associated with each investment. The manager will monitor the overall credit risk and levels of provision for loss.

Interest Rate Risk Management. We will follow an interest rate risk management policy intended to mitigate the negative effects of major interest rate changes. We intend to minimize our interest rate risk from borrowings by attempting to “match-fund,” which means the manager will seek to structure the key terms of our borrowings to generally correspond with the expected holding period of our assets.

Equity Capital Policies. Under the operating agreement, we have the authority to issue an unlimited number of additional interests or other securities. After your purchase in any series offering, the manager may elect to: (i) sell additional securities in future private offerings, or (ii) issue additional securities in public offerings. To the extent we issue additional equity interests after your purchase in an offering, your percentage ownership interest in us will be diluted. In addition, depending upon the terms and pricing of any additional offerings and the value of our investments, you may also experience dilution in the book value and fair value of your interests.

Disposition Policies

We intend to hold and manage the properties we acquire for a period of five to seven years. As each of our properties reaches what we believe to be its optimum value, we will consider disposing of the property. The determination of when a particular property should be sold or otherwise disposed of will be made after consideration of relevant factors, including prevailing and projected economic conditions, whether the value of the property is anticipated to appreciate or decline substantially, and how any existing leases on a property may impact the potential sales price. The manager may determine that it is in the best interests of shareholders to sell a property earlier than five years or to hold a property for more than seven years. Additionally, any sale of a property will be subject to lessee rights and we would attempt to time property sales with lessee rights in mind, either by timing sales with anticipated lease terminations or by assigning an existing lease to the property buyer where allowed under applicable laws.

When we determine to sell a particular property, we will seek to achieve a selling price that maximizes the capital appreciation for investors based on then-current market conditions. We cannot assure you that this objective will be realized.

Following the sale of a property, the manager will distribute the proceeds of such sale, net of the property disposition fee as described below, to the interest holders of the applicable series (after payment of any accrued liabilities or debt on the property or of the series at that time).

Property Disposition Fee

Upon the disposition and sale of a series property, each series will be charged a market rate property disposition fee that will cover property sale expenses such as brokerage commissions, and title, escrow and closing costs. It is expected that this disposition fee charged to a series will range from six to seven percent of the property sale price. To the extent that the actual property disposition fees are less than the amount charged to the series, the manager will receive the difference as income.

Description of the Property Management Agreement

The Company will appoint the manager or a third-party property management company to serve as property manager to manage the underlying property of each series pursuant to a series specific property management agreement.

The services provided by the property manager will include:

Each property management agreement will terminate on the earlier of: (i) the manager’s discretion to terminate a property management agreement at pre-determined renewal periods or by paying a termination fee, (ii) after the date on which the relevant series property has been liquidated and the obligations connected to the series property (including contingent obligations) have been terminated, (iii) the removal of the manager as managing member of our company and thus of all series (if the property manager is the manager), (iv) upon notice by one party to the other party of a party’s material breach of a property management agreement or (v) such other date as agreed between the parties to the property management agreement.

Each series will indemnify the property manager out of its assets against all liabilities and losses (including amounts paid in respect of judgments, fines, penalties or settlement of litigation, including legal fees and expenses) to which it becomes subject by virtue of serving as property manager under the respective property management agreements with respect to any act or omission that has not been determined by a final, non-appealable decision of a court, arbitrator or other tribunal of competent jurisdiction to constitute fraud, willful misconduct or gross negligence.

Property Management Fee

As compensation for the services provided by the property manager, each series will be charged a property management fee equal to eight percent (8%) of rents collected on a series property. Property management fees will be negotiated with a local property manager on a case-by case, arms’ length basis. To the extent that, under the terms of a specific property management agreement, the property manager is paid a fee that is less than the eight percent (8%) charged to the series, the manager will receive the difference as income. If a series property is vacant and not producing rental income, the property management fee will not be paid during any such period of vacancy.

Asset Management Fee

Each series will pay the manager an annual asset management fee equal to one percent (1%) of the actual capital contributions to that series. This fee will be paid out of the net operating rental income of a series.

Operating Expenses

Each series of our company will be responsible for the following costs and expenses attributable to the activities of our company related to such series (we refer to these as Operating Expenses):

The manager will bear its own expenses of an ordinary nature, including all costs and expenses on account of rent, supplies, secretarial expenses, stationery, charges for furniture, fixtures and equipment, payroll taxes, remuneration and expenses paid to employees and utilities expenditures.

If the Operating Expenses exceed the amount of revenues generated from a series property and cannot be covered by any Operating Expense reserves on the balance sheet of such series property, the manager may (a) pay such Operating Expenses and not seek reimbursement, (b) loan the amount of the Operating Expenses to the applicable series, on which the manager may impose a reasonable rate of interest, and be entitled to reimbursement of such amount from future revenues generated by such series property (which we refer to as Operating Expenses Reimbursement Obligation(s)), and/or (c) cause additional interests to be issued in the such series in order to cover such additional amounts.

Allocations of Expenses

To the extent relevant, Offering Expenses, Acquisition Expenses, Operating Expenses, revenue generated from series properties and any indemnification payments made by the manager will be allocated among the various series interests in accordance with the manager’s allocation policy set forth below. The allocation policy requires the manager to allocate items that are allocable to a specific series to be borne by, or distributed to (as applicable), the applicable series.  If, however, an item is not allocable to a specific series but to our company in general, it will be allocated pro rata based on the value of the series properties or the number of properties, as reasonably determined by the manager or as otherwise set forth in the allocation policy. By way of example, as of the date hereof it is anticipated that revenues and expenses will be allocated as follows:

Notwithstanding the foregoing, the manager may revise and update the allocation policy from time to time in its reasonable discretion without further notice to the investors.

The Arrived Homes Platform

Arrived Holdings, Inc., the manager, owns and operates a web-based and mobile accessible investment platform, the Arrived Homes platform. Through the use of the Arrived Homes platform, investors can browse and screen the investments offered by each of our series and electronically sign legal documents to purchase series interests.

Competition

There are a number of established and emerging competitors in the real estate investment platform market. The market is fragmented, rapidly evolving, competitive, and with relatively low barriers to entry. We consider our competitive differentiators in our market to be:

We face competition primarily from other real estate investment platform companies such as Roofstock, Inc., Fundrise LLC, and Compound Projects, LLC, as well as a range of emerging new entrants. In order to compete, we work tirelessly to innovate and improve our products, while at the same time preserving our unique culture and approach.

Conflicts of Interest

Conflicts of interest may exist or could arise in the future with the manager and its affiliates and our officers and/or directors who are also officers and/or directors of the manager. Conflicts may include, without limitation:

Employees

Our company does not have any employees. All of the officers and directors of our company are employees of the manager.

Legal Proceedings

None of our company, any series, the manager, or any director or executive officer of our company or the manager is presently subject to any material legal proceedings.

THE SERIES PROPERTIES BEING OFFERED

Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall

Summary Overview

Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall is being established to allow investors who acquire Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall interests in the Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall offering to own an interest in the single family home located at 537 Kirkwall Ct, Lexington, SC 29073, the Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall property.

Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall expects to complete the acquisition of the Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall property, in accordance with one of the acquisition methods discussed above, on or about May 27, 2022. The Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall property will be held directly by Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall. See the “Use of Proceeds” section below for additional information regarding anticipated expenses and uses of offering proceeds.

Property Summary

537 Kirkwall Court is a single-family home in Lexington, SC. This popular floor plan offers three bedrooms and two and a half bathrooms with a designated office. The spacious office is located just past the entry and is enclosed with French doors. The kitchen, with a stand alone island, overlooks the family room. Upstairs you will find the primary suite with a vaulted ceiling, dual sink granite vanity and a large walk-in closet. Also on the second floor, two secondary bedrooms, a shared bath and laundry. The covered back porch is perfect for relaxing after a long day.

Property History

The Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall property was built in 2022. Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall expects to incur approximately $4,500 of costs related to certain improvement projects to the property.

Prior to the acquisition of the Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall property, the Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall property was owner occupied and was not operated as a rental income property.

Acquisition of the Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall Property

Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall expects to complete the acquisition of the Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall property on or about May 27, 2022 at a purchase price of $252,450. We expect that the acquisition of the Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall property will be funded through an initial mortgage, which will accrue interest at a rate of 3.875%, interest only, for the first 7 years, in the amount of $156,510 with the remainder of the purchase price being advanced by the manager. In exchange for securing the loan, Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall will issue a promissory note to the manager in an amount of $103,900, which will have a term of 18 months and will bear interest at the minimum AFR in effect as of the date of issuance of the promissory note. 

Property Components & Capital Expenditures

The Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall property was inspected by a licensed professional, and the inspection report indicated that the major property components are in acceptable, functional condition, with no obvious signs of defect.

With the current expected level and quality of the property components we will not recognize any deferred maintenance items and we expect that the major property components will remain in working order during the anticipated hold period for this property. In our operating estimates, we forecast a potential cost of maintenance and capital expenses as a percentage of rental income. In the case of unforeseen maintenance expenses, we could make use of our cash reserves, if necessary.

We anticipate that the final renovation cost for this property will total approximately $4,500. These renovations may include new appliances and cosmetic improvements as well as various punch list items throughout the property. This renovation expense is listed in the use of proceeds for Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall. 

Property Manager

The manager appointed an unaffiliated, third-party property manager to manage the Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall property on a discretionary basis and has entered into a property management agreement with the property manager.  Pursuant to the terms of the property management agreement, Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall will pay the property manager an annual fee for managing the Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall property.

Property Operations and Hold Period

The Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall property was previously owner occupied and had no prior rental history. The manager intends to list the property for rent at a rate of $1,795 per month, or $21,540 per year, which is consistent with other single family homes in the same area of Lexington, SC.

The manager anticipates that this property’s Operating Expenses, which include real estate taxes, property insurance and repairs and maintenance costs, will be in the range of $520 to $710 per month. This estimate is based on the manager’s due diligence calculations and does not take into account amounts for capital expenditures for major repairs. At this time we do not anticipate any significant capital expenditures for the Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall property. For information relating to our capital expenditure expectations, see “Property Components & Capital Expenditures” above.

We intend to hold the Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall property for five to seven years during which time, we will operate the Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall property as a rental property. During this period, we intend to distribute any Free Cash Flow (as defined below) to Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall interest holders. The determination as to when the Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall property should be sold or otherwise disposed of will be made after consideration of relevant factors, including prevailing and projected economic conditions, whether the value of the property is anticipated to appreciate or decline substantially, and how any existing lease may impact the sales price we may realize. The manager may determine that it is in the best interests of shareholders to sell the Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall property earlier than five years or to hold the property for more than seven years.

Asset Management Fee.

We estimate that if the maximum amount of the Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall offering is raised, assuming an anticipated operating leverage at 62.0% of the value of the Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall property, our annual asset management fee would total $1,341.

Arrived Homes Series Miller

Summary Overview

Arrived Homes Series Miller is being established to allow investors who acquire Arrived Homes Series Miller interests in the Arrived Homes Series Miller offering to own an interest in the single family home located at 120 Martin Mill Trl, Warner Robbins, GA 31093, the Arrived Homes Series Miller property.

Arrived Homes Series Miller expects to complete the acquisition of the Arrived Homes Series Miller property, in accordance with one of the acquisition methods discussed above, on or about April 29, 2022. The Arrived Homes Series Miller property will be held directly by Arrived Homes Series Miller. See the “Use of Proceeds” section below for additional information regarding anticipated expenses and uses of offering proceeds.

Property Summary

120 Martin Mill Trail is a single-family home in Warner Robbins, GA. This is a delightful and new single story home in the Old Stone Crossing community. The desirable floor plan boasts an open design that encompasses the living, dining and kitchen spaces. The kitchen features gorgeous cabinets, granite countertops and stainless-steel appliances. Additionally, the primary suite has a private bath with dual vanity sinks and a walk-in closet. The home also has three additional bedrooms and a full secondary bath. There is an outdoor covered patio space perfect for entertaining guests.

Property History

The Arrived Homes Series Miller property was built in 2022. Arrived Homes Series Miller expects to incur approximately $5,500 of costs related to certain improvement projects to the property.

Prior to the acquisition of the Arrived Homes Series Miller property, the Arrived Homes Series Miller property was owner occupied and was not operated as a rental income property.

Acquisition of the Arrived Homes Series Miller Property

Arrived Homes Series Miller expects to complete the acquisition of the Arrived Homes Series Miller property on or about April 29, 2022 at a purchase price of $230,990. We expect that the acquisition of the Arrived Homes Series Miller property will be funded through an initial mortgage, which will accrue interest at a rate of 4.375%, interest only, for the first 7 years, in the amount of $143,210 with the remainder of the purchase price being advanced by the manager. In exchange for securing the loan, Arrived Homes Series Miller will issue a promissory note to the manager in an amount of $95,000, which will have a term of 18 months and will bear interest at the minimum AFR in effect as of the date of issuance of the promissory note. 

Property Components & Capital Expenditures

The Arrived Homes Series Miller property was inspected by a licensed professional, and the inspection report indicated that the major property components are in acceptable, functional condition, with no obvious signs of defect.

With the current expected level and quality of the property components we will not recognize any deferred maintenance items and we expect that the major property components will remain in working order during the anticipated hold period for this property. In our operating estimates, we forecast a potential cost of maintenance and capital expenses as a percentage of rental income. In the case of unforeseen maintenance expenses, we could make use of our cash reserves, if necessary.

We anticipate that the final renovation cost for this property will total approximately $5,500. These renovations may include new appliances and cosmetic improvements as well as various punch list items throughout the property. This renovation expense is listed in the use of proceeds for Arrived Homes Series Miller. 

Property Manager

The manager appointed an unaffiliated, third-party property manager to manage the Arrived Homes Series Miller property on a discretionary basis and has entered into a property management agreement with the property manager.  Pursuant to the terms of the property management agreement, Arrived Homes Series Miller will pay the property manager an annual fee for managing the Arrived Homes Series Miller property.

Property Operations and Hold Period

The Arrived Homes Series Miller property was previously owner occupied and had no prior rental history. The manager intends to list the property for rent at a rate of $1,595 per month, or $19,140 per year, which is consistent with other single family homes in the same area of Warner Robbins, GA.

The manager anticipates that this property’s Operating Expenses, which include real estate taxes, property insurance and repairs and maintenance costs, will be in the range of $500 to $690 per month. This estimate is based on the manager’s due diligence calculations and does not take into account amounts for capital expenditures for major repairs. At this time we do not anticipate any significant capital expenditures for the Arrived Homes Series Miller property. For information relating to our capital expenditure expectations, see “Property Components & Capital Expenditures” above.

We intend to hold the Arrived Homes Series Miller property for five to seven years during which time, we will operate the Arrived Homes Series Miller property as a rental property. During this period, we intend to distribute any Free Cash Flow (as defined below) to Arrived Homes Series Miller interest holders. The determination as to when the Arrived Homes Series Miller property should be sold or otherwise disposed of will be made after consideration of relevant factors, including prevailing and projected economic conditions, whether the value of the property is anticipated to appreciate or decline substantially, and how any existing lease may impact the sales price we may realize. The manager may determine that it is in the best interests of shareholders to sell the Arrived Homes Series Miller property earlier than five years or to hold the property for more than seven years.

Asset Management Fee.

We estimate that if the maximum amount of the Arrived Homes Series Miller offering is raised, assuming an anticipated operating leverage at 62.0% of the value of the Series Miller property, our annual asset management fee would total $1,214.

Arrived Homes Series Original

Summary Overview

Arrived Homes Series Original is being established to allow investors who acquire Arrived Homes Series Original interests in the Arrived Homes Series Original offering to own an interest in the single family home located at 730 Centerpoint Lane, Nashville, TN 37209, the Arrived Homes Series Original property.

Arrived Homes Series Original expects to complete the acquisition of the Arrived Homes Series Original property, in accordance with one of the acquisition methods discussed above, on or about April 19, 2022. The Arrived Homes Series Original property will be held by Arrived TN Original, LLC, a Tennessee limited liability company, which, as of the closing of the offering, will be a wholly owned subsidiary of Arrived Homes Series Original. See the “Use of Proceeds” section below for additional information regarding anticipated expenses and uses of offering proceeds.

Property Summary

The Arrived Homes Series Original property is a great cottage home with all hardwoods, an open concept living area and high ceilings. There are marble countertops in the primary bathroom, a freestanding tub and granite in all other bathrooms. The screened in porch has an amazing courtyard view and a mosaic glass tiled backsplash can be found in a gourmet kitchen. The windows are laid out to maximize natural lighting.

Property History

The Arrived Homes Series Original property was built in 2015. Arrived Homes Series Original expects to incur approximately $7,500 of costs related to certain improvement projects to the property.

Prior to Arrived Homes Series Original’s acquisition of the Arrived Homes Series Original property, the home was operated as a rental income property by the previous owner. Any acquisition and investment decisions regarding the Arrived Homes Series Original property have been made without consideration of prior rental history. At the time of acquisition, the property will not be subject to an active lease and Arrived Homes Series Original will enter into a new lease agreement with any future tenant in accordance with the property management agreement with an unaffiliated, third-party property manager. The manager’s decisions regarding the projected monthly rental rate and Operating Expenses for this property, as set forth below, have been made without consideration of prior rental or expense history.

Acquisition of the Arrived Homes Series Original Property

Arrived Homes Series Original expects to complete the acquisition of the Arrived Homes Series Original property on or about April 19, 2022 at a purchase price of $575,000. We expect that the acquisition of the Arrived Homes Series Original property will be funded entirely by cash being advanced by the manager. In exchange for providing the cash, Arrived Homes Series Original will issue a promissory note to the manager in an amount of $617,800.00 , which will have a term of 18 months and will bear interest at the minimum AFR in effect as of the date of issuance of the promissory note. 

Property Components & Capital Expenditures

The Arrived Homes Series Original property was inspected by a licensed professional, and the inspection report indicated that the major property components are in acceptable, functional condition, with no obvious signs of defect.

With the current expected level and quality of the property components we will not recognize any deferred maintenance items and we expect that the major property components will remain in working order during the anticipated hold period for this property. In our operating estimates, we forecast a potential cost of maintenance and capital expenses as a percentage of rental income. In the case of unforeseen maintenance expenses, we could make use of our cash reserves, if necessary.

We anticipate that the final renovation cost for this property will total approximately $7,500. These renovations may include new appliances and cosmetic improvements as well as various punch list items throughout the property. This renovation expense is listed in the use of proceeds for the Arrived Homes Series Original offering. 

Property Manager

The manager appointed an unaffiliated, third-party property manager to manage the Arrived Homes Series Original property on a discretionary basis and has entered into a property management agreement with the property manager.  Pursuant to the terms of the property management agreement, Arrived Homes Series Original will pay the property manager an annual fee for managing the Arrived Homes Series Original property.

Property Operations and Hold Period

Prior to Arrived Homes Series Original’s acquisition of the Arrived Homes Series Original property, the home was operated as a rental income property by the previous owner. Any acquisition and investment decisions regarding the Arrived Homes Series Original property have been made without consideration of prior rental history. At the time of acquisition, the property will not be subject to an active lease and Arrived Homes Series Original will enter into a new lease agreement with any future tenant in accordance with the property management agreement with an unaffiliated, third-party property manager. The manager intends to list the property for rent at a rate of $3,295 per month, or $39,540 per year, which is consistent with other single family homes in the same area of Nashville, TN. The manager’s decisions regarding the projected monthly rental rate for this property have been made without consideration of prior rental history.

The manager anticipates that this property’s Operating Expenses, which include real estate taxes, property insurance and repairs and maintenance costs, will be in the range of $1,500 to $1,600 per month. The manager’s decisions regarding the projected monthly Operating Expenses for this property have been made without consideration of prior expense history. This estimate is based on the manager’s due diligence calculations and does not take into account amounts for capital expenditures for major repairs. At this time we do not anticipate any significant capital expenditures for the Arrived Homes Series Original property. For information relating to our capital expenditure expectations, see “Property Components & Capital Expenditures” above.

We intend to hold the Arrived Homes Series Original property for five to seven years during which time, we will operate the Arrived Homes Series Original property as a rental property. During this period, we intend to distribute any Free Cash Flow (as defined below) to Arrived Homes Series Original interest holders. The determination as to when the Arrived Homes Series Original property should be sold or otherwise disposed of will be made after consideration of relevant factors, including prevailing and projected economic conditions, whether the value of the property is anticipated to appreciate or decline substantially, and how any existing lease may impact the sales price we may realize. The manager may determine that it is in the best interests of interest holders to sell the Arrived Homes Series Original property earlier than five years or to hold the property for more than seven years.

Asset Management Fee.

We estimate that if the maximum amount of the Arrived Homes Series Original offering is raised, our annual asset management fee would total $6,617.

USE OF PROCEEDS TO ISSUER

Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall

The total cost to acquire and improve the Series Kirkwall property, including applicable fees, expenses and reserves is $290,630.

We estimate that the gross proceeds of the offering of Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall interests will be approximately $134,120, assuming the full amount of the offering is sold, and will be used in the following order of priority of payment:

Acquisition Expenses, Operating Expenses and certain other costs that are advanced by the manager will be reimbursed out of the net proceeds of the Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall offering.  See “Management Compensation—Reimbursement of Expenses”

Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall, which will be offering its series interests pursuant to this offering circular, expects to complete the acquisition of, and payment for the Series Kirkwall property through a combination of a mortgage on the series property and a loan from the manager. The mortgage for the series property will be secured on behalf of the series by the manager and will accrue interest at a fixed annual rate of 3.875% for the first 7 years. In exchange for the loan, the series will issue a promissory note to the manager in the amount of $103,900, bearing interest at the minimum applicable federal rate, or AFR, under the Internal Revenue Code in effect as of the date of completion of acquisition of the series property.

The allocation of the net proceeds of this offering set forth above represents our intentions based upon our current plans and assumptions regarding industry and general economic conditions, our future revenues, if any, and expenditures.  The amounts and timing of our actual expenditures will depend upon numerous factors, including market conditions, cash generated by our operations, business developments, and the proceeds of the offering. The manager reserves the right to modify the use of proceeds based on the factors set forth above.   

Arrived Homes Series Miller

The total cost to acquire and improve the Series Miller property, including applicable fees, expenses and reserves is $264,600.

We estimate that the gross proceeds of the offering of Arrived Homes Series Miller interests will be approximately $121,390, assuming the full amount of the offering is sold, and will be used in the following order of priority of payment:

Acquisition Expenses, Operating Expenses and certain other costs that are advanced by the manager will be reimbursed out of the net proceeds of the Arrived Homes Series Miller offering.  See “Management Compensation—Reimbursement of Expenses”

Arrived Homes Series Miller, which will be offering its series interests pursuant to this offering circular, expects to complete the acquisition of, and payment for the Series Miller property through a combination of a mortgage on the series property and a loan from the manager. The mortgage for the series property will be secured on behalf of the series by the manager and will accrue interest at a fixed annual rate of 4.375% for the first 7 years. In exchange for the loan, the series will issue a promissory note to the manager in the amount of $95,000, bearing interest at the minimum applicable federal rate, or AFR, under the Internal Revenue Code in effect as of the date of completion of acquisition of the series property.

The allocation of the net proceeds of this offering set forth above represents our intentions based upon our current plans and assumptions regarding industry and general economic conditions, our future revenues, if any, and expenditures.  The amounts and timing of our actual expenditures will depend upon numerous factors, including market conditions, cash generated by our operations, business developments, and the proceeds of the offering. The manager reserves the right to modify the use of proceeds based on the factors set forth above. 

Arrived Homes Series Original

The total cost to acquire and improve the Series Original property, including applicable fees, expenses and reserves is $661,650.

We estimate that the gross proceeds of the offering of Arrived Homes Series Original interests will be approximately $661,650, assuming the full amount of the offering is sold, and will be used in the following order of priority of payment:

Acquisition Expenses, Operating Expenses and certain other costs that are advanced by the manager will be reimbursed out of the net proceeds of the Arrived Homes Series Original offering.  See “Management Compensation—Reimbursement of Expenses”

Arrived Homes Series Original, which will be offering its series interests pursuant to this offering circular, expects to complete the acquisition of, and payment for the Arrived Homes Series Original property using cash advanced by the manager. In exchange for the cash advanced by the manager, the series will issue a promissory note to the manager in the amount of $617,800.00 , bearing interest at the minimum applicable federal rate, or AFR, under the Internal Revenue Code in effect as of the date of completion of acquisition of the series property.

The allocation of the net proceeds of this offering set forth above represents our intentions based upon our current plans and assumptions regarding industry and general economic conditions, our future revenues, if any, and expenditures.  The amounts and timing of our actual expenditures will depend upon numerous factors, including market conditions, cash generated by our operations, business developments, and the proceeds of the offering. The manager reserves the right to modify the use of proceeds based on the factors set forth above. 

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATION

Overview

Arrived Homes II, LLC, a Delaware series limited liability company (which we refer to as “we,” “us,” “our,” “Arrived” or the “company”) was formed in February 2022 to permit public investment in specific single family rental homes. Arrived Holdings, Inc. is the manager of the company (our “manager”). We believe people should have the freedom to move around to pursue new opportunities in their lives while still having access to the wealth creation that long-term home ownership and real estate investment can provide. To support this idea, we are building what we believe to be a new model for home ownership and real estate investment that doesn’t lock people into a single home or city. We believe in passive income, conservative debt, freedom to move, diversification, and aligned incentives.

Arrived is a marketplace for investing in homes. We buy single family homes, lease them, divide them into multiple interests, and offer them as investments on a per interest basis through our web-based platform. Investors can manage their risk by spreading their investments across a portfolio of homes, they can invest in real estate without needing to apply for mortgages or take on personal debt, and they can move to new homes or cities and continue holding their Arrived investments without having to worry about selling homes they’re invested in.

Arrived does all of the work of sourcing, analyzing, maintaining, and managing all of the homes that we acquire. We analyze every home investment across several financial, market, and demographic characteristics to support our acquisition decision-making. Every investment we make is an investment in the communities in which Arrived operates, alongside other like-minded individuals. As our community network grows, so does our access to investment and housing opportunities.

Arrived rents the homes we acquire to tenants who can also invest through the same process as any other member of the Arrived Homes platform, becoming part owners of the homes they’re living in at that time. By investing together we align incentives towards creating value for everyone.

Since its formation in February 2022, our company has been engaged primarily in preparing to acquire properties for its series offerings, and developing the financial, offering and other materials to begin fundraising. We are considered to be a development stage company, since we are devoting substantially all of our efforts to establishing our business and planned principal operations have not yet commenced.

Emerging Growth Company

We may elect to become a public reporting company under the Exchange Act. If we elect to do so, we will be required to publicly report on an ongoing basis as an emerging growth company, as defined in the JOBS Act, under the reporting rules set forth under the Exchange Act. For so long as we remain an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other Exchange Act reporting companies that are not emerging growth companies, including, but not limited to:

In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an emerging growth company can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We may elect to take advantage of the benefits of this extended transition period. Our financial statements may therefore not be comparable to those of companies that comply with such new or revised accounting standards.

We would expect to take advantage of these reporting exemptions until we are no longer an emerging growth company. We would remain an emerging growth company for up to five years, or until the earliest of (i) the last day of the first fiscal year in which our total annual gross revenues exceed $1 billion; (ii) the date that we become a large accelerated filer as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act, which would occur if the market value of our series interests that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter; or (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt during the preceding three-year period.

Impact of the COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic

In December 2019, a novel strain of coronavirus, referred to as COVID-19, was reported in Wuhan, China. COVID-19 has since spread to other countries, including the United States, and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. Efforts to contain the spread of COVID-19 have intensified, and most states and localities in the United States and countries in Europe and Asia have implemented severe travel and social restrictions, including social distancing, “shelter-in-place” orders and restrictions on the types of businesses that may continue to operate. The impacts of the outbreak are unknown and rapidly evolving.

Our manager has taken steps to take care of its employees, including providing the ability for employees to work remotely. Our manager has also taken precautions with regard to employee, facility and office hygiene and implemented significant travel restrictions. Our manager is also assessing business continuity plans for all business units, including ours, in the context of COVID-19. This is a rapidly evolving situation, and our manager will continue to monitor and mitigate developments affecting its workforce. Our manager has reviewed and will continue to carefully review all rules, regulations and orders and will respond accordingly.

The continued spread of COVID-19 has also led to severe disruption and volatility in the global financial markets, which could increase our cost of capital and adversely affect our liquidity and ability to access capital markets in the future. The continued spread of COVID-19 has caused an economic slowdown and may cause a recession or other unpredictable events, each of which could adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition. The pandemic has had, and could have a significantly greater, material adverse effect on the United States economy as a whole and in our industry in particular.

If the spread of COVID-19 cannot be slowed and, ideally, contained, our business operations could be delayed or interrupted. We expect that government and health authorities will announce new, or extend existing, restrictions, which could require us to make adjustments to our operations in order to comply with any such restrictions. Our manager may also experience limitations in employee resources. In addition, our operations could be disrupted if any employee of our manager is suspected of having the virus, which could require quarantine of any such employees. The duration of any business disruption cannot be reasonably estimated at this time but may materially affect our ability to operate our business and result in additional costs.

The extent to which COVID-19 may impact our results will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted as of the date of this offering circular, including new information that may emerge concerning the severity of the pandemic and steps taken to contain the pandemic or treat its impact, among others. Nevertheless, the pandemic; the current financial, economic and capital markets environment; and future developments in the global supply chain and other areas present material uncertainty and risk with respect to our performance, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Further, the COVID-19 outbreak has caused unprecedented levels of global uncertainty and may impact the value of real estate. We expect the COVID-19 outbreak will result in low transaction volume until confidence in the global economy is restored. The extent and duration of this disruption cannot be accurately estimated, and the real estate industry may take a significant amount of time to recover. Although we intend to hold and manage all of the assets marketed on the Arrived Homes platform for an average of five to seven years, the COVID-19 outbreak and resulting economic uncertainty may impact the value of the underlying assets, and consequently the value of the interests. See “Risk Factors” above.

Operating Results

Revenues are generated at the series level. As of the date hereof, no series has generated any revenues. We have not incurred any operating expenses for the period from inception through the date hereof. The operating expenses incurred prior to the closing of an offering related to any of the series will be paid by our manager and reimbursed by such series out of the gross offering proceeds upon closing of the relevant series offering. Such operating expenses include real estate taxes, property insurance, Home Ownership Association (HOA) fees and repairs and maintenance costs. Upon closing, each series will become responsible for its own operating expenses.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of the date hereof, none of our company nor any series of interests had any cash or cash equivalents and had no financial obligations. Our manager will finance the business activities of each series. Upon the first closing of a particular series offering, the manager will be reimbursed out of the proceeds of the relevant offering. Until such time as the series have the capacity to generate cash flows from operations, our manager may cover any deficits through capital contributions, which may be reimbursed upon closing of the relevant offering.

Plan of Operations

We intend to list our series properties for lease with a real estate broker, if not already rented upon acquisition. The asking rent for the series properties is expected to be in the range which is consistent with other single family homes in a given market area. We intend to hold the series properties for five to seven years during which time we will operate the series properties as rental income properties. During this period, we intend to distribute any Free Cash Flow to investors.

As each of our properties reaches what we believe to be its optimum value, we will consider disposing of the property. The determination of when a particular property should be sold or otherwise disposed of will be made after consideration of relevant factors, including prevailing and projected economic conditions, whether the value of the property is anticipated to appreciate or decline substantially, and how any existing leases on a property may impact the potential sales price. The manager may determine that it is in the best interests of members to sell a property earlier than five years or to hold a property for more than seven years. Additionally, any sale of a property will be subject to lessee rights and we would attempt to time sales with lessee rights in mind, either by timing sales with anticipated lease terminations or by assigning the lease to a new buyer where allowed under applicable laws.

We plan to launch a number of additional series and related offerings in the next twelve months.  As of the current date, we do not know how many series we will be offering, however, in any case, the aggregate dollar amount of all of the series interests that we will sell within the 12-month period following qualification of our Form 1-A by the Commission will not exceed the maximum amount allowed under Regulation A. It is anticipated that the proceeds from any offerings closed during the next twelve months will be used to acquire additional properties.

Our Policies for Approving New Tenants 

We intend to seek out tenants for our properties who are financially responsible and capable of paying their rent. We will conduct due diligence on prospective tenant applicants by (a) verifying their incomes, (b) running credit checks, (c) performing criminal background checks, and (d) requesting references from previous landlords. While we do not have specific standards for any of these items, we will use these screening methods to determine, prior to approving a lease, whether we believe a potential lessee is financially responsible.

MANAGEMENT

General

The manager of our company is Arrived Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation. The manager has established a Board of Directors for our company, consisting of two members, Ryan Frazier and Kenneth Cason.

All of our directors and executive officers are employees of the manager. The executive offices of the manager are located at 500 Yale Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, and the telephone number of the manager’s executive offices is (814) 277-4833.

Executive Officers and Directors

The following table sets forth certain information with respect to each of the directors and executive officers of the manager:

Biographical Information

Set forth below is biographical information of our executive officers and directors.

Ryan Frazier, our Chief Executive Officer and a director, has served as the Chief Executive Officer, President, and a director of Arrived Holdings, Inc. since its inception in February 2019 and as CEO and director of our company since its inception. In 2011, Mr. Frazier co-founded and was the CEO of DataRank, Inc., a social media listening platform used by Fortune 500 companies, including Procter & Gamble, Coca Cola, and The Clorox Company, to garner insights from their consumers. Mr. Frazier led DataRank through a merger with Simply Measured, Inc. in 2015, and again through a merger with Sprout Social, Inc. in 2017, after which he acted in the role of General Manager, leading the integration of the Simply Measured, Inc. and Sprout Social businesses in Sprout Social’s Seattle office. Mr. Frazier is an alumnus of Y Combinator, S13, and he graduated from the University of Arkansas in 2010 with a B.S. in International Business.

Joel Mezistrano, our Chief Financial Officer, has served as the Chief Financial Officer of Arrived Holdings, Inc. since December 1, 2019 and as the Chief Financial Officer of our company since its inception. Mr. Mezistrano has been investing in residential real estate for over 25 years. He graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with degrees in Mathematics and Computer Science. He started his career at Accenture and then moved to hold executive roles at several high-growth venture backed startups in industries such as Banking, Insurance, and E-Commerce. For the last 10 years, Mr. Mezistrano has been a Principal and CFO at American Classic Homes which has annual revenues in excess of $100 million and operates several investment funds utilizing institutional capital, family offices, and high-net worth individuals. Joel is also a Principal and CFO at SeaLevel Properties which has a $250 million portfolio of apartments and mixed-use projects in the Seattle area.

Kenneth Cason, our Chief Technology Officer and a director, has served as the Chief Technology Officer and director of Arrived Holdings, Inc. since its inception in February 2019. Beginning in 2011, Mr. Cason served as the Co-Founder and Chief Technology Officer of DataRank, Inc. Mr. Cason worked extensively to help design and build large scale data collection, processing, and search systems. He remained employed with DataRank through two mergers; first with Simply Measured, Inc., in 2015, and then again with Sprout Social in 2017. During both mergers he worked to lead and integrate each company’s tech stack. Mr. Cason is an alumni of Y Combinator, S13, and he graduated from the University of Arkansas in 2010 with a B.S. in Computer Science and also received Associate degrees in Mathematics, Japanese and Chinese.

Alejandro Chouza, our Chief Operating Officer, has serviced as such since our company’s inception. Mr. Chouza was previously the VP of Operations of Oyo Rooms beginning in May 2019. Prior to that, Mr. Chouza was the Regional General Manager of Uber Technologies, Inc., from September 2014 through May 2019, where he launched and managed operations in Mexico and the Northwest USA markets. Mr. Chouza graduated with a B.S. from Babson College and an M.B.A. from The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.

There are no arrangements or understandings known to us pursuant to which any director was or is to be selected as a director or nominee. There are no agreements or understandings for any executive officer or director to resign at the request of another person and no officer or director is acting on behalf of nor will any of them act at the direction of any other person.

There are no family relationships between any director, executive officer, person nominated or chosen to become a director or executive officer or any significant employee.

The Manager and the Operating Agreement

The manager will be responsible for directing the management of our business and affairs, managing our day-to-day affairs, and implementing our investment strategy. The manager and its officers will not be required to devote all of their time to our business and are only required to devote such time to our affairs as their duties require.

The manager will perform its duties and responsibilities pursuant to the operating agreement. The manager will maintain a contractual, as opposed to a fiduciary relationship, with us and our investors. Furthermore, we have agreed to limit the liability of the manager and to indemnify the manager against certain liabilities.

The operating agreement further provides that our manager, in exercising its rights in its capacity as the managing member, will be entitled to consider only such interests and factors as it desires, including its own interests, and will have no duty or obligation (fiduciary or otherwise) to give any consideration to any interest of or factors affecting our company, any series of interests or any of the interest holders and will not be subject to any different standards imposed by the operating agreement, the LLC Act or under any other law, rule or regulation or in equity.  In addition, the operating agreement provides that our manager will not have any duty (including any fiduciary duty) to our company, any series or any of the interest holders.

Our manager has not-sponsored any prior real estate investment programs. Accordingly, this offering circular does not contain any information concerning prior performance of our manager and its affiliates, which means that you will be unable to assess any results from their prior activities before deciding whether to purchase interests in our series.

Responsibilities of the Manager 

The responsibilities of the manager include:

Management Compensation

Pursuant to the operating agreement, the manager, or affiliated entities, may receive fees and expense reimbursements for services relating to our series offerings and the investment and management of our series properties. The items of compensation are summarized in the following table:

Reimbursement of Expenses

Because the manager’s personnel will perform certain legal, accounting, due diligence tasks and other services that outside professionals or outside consultants otherwise would perform, the manager will be reimbursed for the documented cost of performing such tasks.  We will also pay all fees, costs and expenses of the series, and of our company as applicable, other than those specifically required to be borne by the manager under the operating agreement. These expenses include, but are not limited to:

However, to the extent the manager advances the fees, costs and expenses that it is not obligated to pay under the operating agreement, our company will reimburse the manager for such fees, costs and expenses. Expense reimbursements shall be payable monthly in cash.

Indemnification of the Manager

The operating agreement provides that none of our manager, any current or former directors, officers, employees, partners, shareholders, members, controlling persons, agents or independent contractors of our manager nor persons acting at the request of our company in certain capacities with respect to other entities will be liable to our company, any series or any interest holders for any act or omission taken by them in connection with the business of our company or any series that has not been determined in a final, non-appealable decision of a court, arbitrator or other tribunal of competent jurisdiction to constitute fraud, willful misconduct or gross negligence.  

Each series will indemnify these persons out of its assets against all liabilities and losses (including amounts paid in respect of judgments, fines, penalties or settlement of litigation, including legal fees and expenses) to which they become subject by virtue of serving our company or such series and with respect to any act or omission that has not been determined by a final, non-appealable decision of a court, arbitrator or other tribunal of competent jurisdiction to constitute fraud, willful misconduct or gross negligence.

Term and Removal of the Manager

The operating agreement provides that the manager will serve as the manager for an indefinite term, but that the manager only be removed as manager of our company and each series of interests in a very limited circumstance, following a non-appealable judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction to have committed fraud in connection with our company or a series of interests, by an affirmative vote of two-thirds of our company’s members. Additionally, the manager may choose to withdraw as the manager, under certain circumstances.

The manager may assign its rights under the operating agreement in its entirety or delegate certain of its duties under the operating agreement to any of its affiliates without the approval of our investors so long as the manager remains liable for any such affiliate’s performance.

The manager may withdraw as the manager if we become required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act, with such withdrawal deemed to occur immediately before such event.

In the event of the removal of the manager, the manager will cooperate with us and take all reasonable steps to assist in making an orderly transition of the management function. The manager will determine whether any succeeding manager possesses sufficient qualifications to perform the management function.

Other than any accrued fees payable to the manager, no additional compensation will be paid to the manager in the event of the removal of the manager.

Manager Affiliates

Our manager controls two affiliated entities:

Arrived Services, LLC – Arrived Services, LLC, or Arrived Services, was formed on May 29, 2019 as a Delaware limited liability company with Arrived Holdings, Inc. as its sole member and manager. Arrived Services is the sole general partner of Arrived Homes, LP and, as such, manages the lease agreements, rent collection, and tenant communications for the residential rental properties owned by Arrived Homes, LP. Additionally, Arrived Services manages a rental listing program accessible on the Arrived Homes platform at arrivedhomes.com, whereby owners of residential rental properties are able to publish listings of available rental homes on the arrivedhomes.com website.

Arrived Homes, LP – Arrived Homes, LP was formed on May 29, 2019 as a Delaware limited partnership with Arrived Services, LLC as its sole general partner and manager of its business. Arrived Homes, LP was established to invest in real estate properties.

Arrived Homes, LLC – Arrived Homes, LLC was formed on July 13, 2020 as a Delaware series limited liability company to permit public investment in individual real estate properties that will be owned by individual series of Arrived Homes, LLC.

COMPENSATION OF DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

Compensation of Executive Officers

We do not currently have any employees nor do we currently intend to hire any employees who will be compensated directly by our company. Each of our executive officers, who are also executive officers of the manager, manages our day-to-day affairs, oversees the review, selection and recommendation of investment opportunities, services acquired properties and monitors the performance of these properties to ensure that they are consistent with our investment objectives. Each of these individuals receives compensation for his or her services, including services performed for us on behalf of the manager, from the manager. We do not intend to pay any compensation to these individuals.

Compensation of the Manager

The manager will receive compensation and reimbursement for costs incurred relating to this and other offerings (e.g., Offering Expenses and Acquisition Expenses) as discussed above. Neither the manager nor any of its affiliates will receive any selling commissions or dealer manager fees in connection with this or other series offerings. See “Plan of Distribution and Subscription Procedure—Fees and Expenses” and “Use of Proceeds to Issuer” for further details.

SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF MANAGEMENT AND CERTAIN SECURITYHOLDERS

Our company is managed by Arrived Holdings, Inc., the manager, who will also be the manager of all of our series. The manager currently does not own, and at the closing of each series offering is not expected to own, any of the interests in any series.

The manager or an affiliate of the manager may purchase interests in any series of our company on the same terms as offered to investors. No brokerage fee will be paid on any interests purchased by the manager or its affiliates. Additionally, the manager may acquire interests in any series of our company in the event that a promissory note issued to the manager in connection with the acquisition of a series property, if outstanding, is not repaid on or prior to its maturity date, at which point, the outstanding balance of the promissory note will be converted into series interests under the same terms as in the applicable series offering.

The address of Arrived Holdings, Inc. is 500 Yale Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109.

INTEREST OF MANAGEMENT AND OTHERS IN CERTAIN TRANSACTIONS

The following includes a summary of transactions since our formation in February 2022, or any currently proposed transaction, in which we were or are to be a participant and the amount involved exceeded or exceeds the lesser of $120,000 and 1% of the average of our total assets as of the date of formation, and in which any related person had or will have a direct or indirect material interest (other than compensation described under “Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers”). We believe the terms obtained or consideration that we paid or received, as applicable, in connection with the transactions described below were comparable to terms available or the amounts that would be paid or received, as applicable, in arm’s-length transactions.

Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall, a series of Arrived Homes II, LLC, expects to complete the acquisition of the Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall property for a purchase price of $252,450 on or about May 27, 2022. Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall expects to purchase the Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall property from an unaffiliated seller. To pay the $252,450 Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall property purchase price, Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall will issue a promissory note to the manager, which originally entered into the purchase and sale agreement and then assigned such agreement to Arrived Homes Series Kirkwall, in the amount of $252,450 and secured a loan from a lender for a term of 30 years, 7 years interest only, at 3.875%.

Arrived Homes Series Miller, a series of Arrived Homes II, LLC, expects to complete the acquisition of the Arrived Homes Series Miller property for a purchase price of $230,990 on or about April 29, 2022. Arrived Homes Series Miller expects to purchase the Arrived Homes Series Miller property from an unaffiliated seller. To pay the $230,990 Arrived Homes Series Miller property purchase price, Arrived Homes Series Miller will issue a promissory note to the manager, which originally entered into the purchase and sale agreement and then assigned such agreement to Arrived Homes Series Miller, in the amount of $230,990 and secured a loan from a lender for a term of 30 years, 7 years interest only, at 4.375%.

With respect to the additional series that will be offering their interests by way of this offering circular and other future series, their properties will be acquired in accordance with one of the acquisition methods discussed in the section titled “Description of Business⸺Acquisition Mechanics.” As such, the manager is expected to receive interest income from loans to the multiple series.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SECURITIES BEING OFFERED

The following is a summary of the principal terms of, and is qualified by reference to, our operating agreement, the series designations, and the subscription agreements relating to the purchase of the interests offered hereby, which are attached as exhibits to the offering statement of which this offering circular forms a part. This summary is qualified in its entirety by reference to the detailed provisions of those document which should be reviewed in their entirety by each prospective investor. In the event that the provisions of this summary differ from the provisions of the operating agreement, the series designations or the subscription agreements, as applicable, the provisions of the operating agreement, the series designations or the subscription agreements, as applicable, shall apply. Capitalized terms used in this summary (and elsewhere in this offering circular) that are not defined herein shall have the meanings ascribed thereto in the operating agreement.

Description of the Interests

Our company is a series limited liability company formed pursuant to Section 18-215 of the LLC Act. The purchase of membership interests in a series of our company is an investment only in that particular series and not an investment in our company as a whole. In accordance with the LLC Act, each series is, and any other series if issuing interests in the future will be, a separate series of our company and not in a separate legal entity. Our company has not issued, and does not intend to issue, any class of any series interests entitled to any preemptive, preferential or other rights that are not otherwise available to the holders purchasing interests in connection with any offering.

Subject to the provisions of the operating agreement, the manager can cause our company to establish one or more series of our company through the creation of a written series designation for each new series. A series designation relates solely to the series established thereby and shall not be construed: (i) to affect the terms and conditions of any other series, or (ii) to designate, fix or determine the rights, powers, authority, privileges, preferences, duties, responsibilities, liabilities and obligations in respect of interests associated with any other series, or the members associated therewith. The terms and conditions for each series are as set forth in the operating agreement and in the series designation, as applicable. Upon approval of any series designation by the manager, the series designation is attached to the operating agreement as an exhibit. The series designation establishing a series may: (i) specify a name or names under which the business and affairs of such series may be conducted; (ii) designate, fix and determine the relative rights, powers, authority, privileges, preferences, duties, responsibilities, liabilities and obligations in respect of interests of such series and the members associated therewith (to the extent such terms differ from those set forth in the operating agreement); and (iii) designate or authorize the designation of specific officers to be associated with such series.

Title to the properties will be held by the applicable series of our company or through a Delaware limited liability company which will be a wholly-owned subsidiary of the applicable series. We intend that each series will own a single property. We do not anticipate that any of the series will acquire any properties other than their respective property. New series will be formed and will issue their own interests for future properties. An investor who invests in an offering of a series will not have any indirect interest in any property of any other series unless the investor also participates in a separate series offering associated with that other property.

Section 18-215(b) of the LLC Act provides that, if certain conditions are met (including that certain provisions are in the formation and governing documents of the series limited liability company, and upon the closing of an offering for a series, the records maintained for any such series account for the assets associated with such series separately from the assets of the limited liability company, or any other series), then the debts, liabilities, obligations and expenses incurred, contracted for or otherwise existing with respect to a particular series shall be enforceable only against the assets of such series and not against the assets of the limited liability company generally or any other series. Accordingly, our company expects the manager to maintain separate, distinct records, and bank accounts, for each series and its associated assets and liabilities. As such, the assets of a series include only the property associated with that series and other related assets (e.g., cash reserves). As noted in the “Risk Factors” section, the limitations on inter-series liability provided by Section 18-215(b) have never been tested in federal bankruptcy courts and it is possible that a bankruptcy court could determine that the assets of one series should be applied to meet the liabilities of the other series or the liabilities of our company generally where the assets of such other series or of our company generally are insufficient to meet our company’s liabilities.

Section 18-215(c) of the LLC Act provides that a series established in accordance with Section 18-215(b) may carry on any lawful business, purpose or activity, other than the business of banking, and has the power and capacity to, in its own name, contract, hold title to assets (including real, personal and intangible property), grant liens and security interests, and sue and be sued. Our company intends for each series to conduct its business and enter into contracts in its own name to the extent such activities are undertaken with respect to a particular series and title to the relevant property will be held by, or for the benefit of, the relevant series.

All of the series interests offered by this offering circular will be duly authorized and validly issued. Upon payment in full of the consideration payable with respect to the series interests, as determined by the manager, the holders of such series interests will not be liable to our company to make any additional capital contributions with respect to such series interests (except for the return of distributions under certain circumstances as required by Sections 18-215, 18-607 and 18-804 of the LLC Act). Holders of series interests have no conversion, exchange, sinking fund, redemption or appraisal rights, no pre-emptive rights to subscribe for any interests and no preferential rights to distributions. However, holders of series interests are eligible to participate in our redemption plan, as described below under “⸺Redemption Plan.”

The series described in this offering circular will use the proceeds of the respective offerings to repay any promissory notes issued to the manager or loans taken out or payments made by the manager to acquire their respective properties pursuant to the respective purchase and sale agreements, as well as pay certain fees and expenses related to the property acquisitions and each offering (please see the “Use of Proceeds to Issuer” sections for each offering for further details). An investor in an offering will acquire an ownership interest in the series interests related to that offering and not, for the avoidance of doubt, in (i) our company, (ii) any other series, (iii) the manager, (iv) the Arrived Homes platform or (v) the property associated with the series or any property owned by any other series.

Further Issuance of Interests

The operating agreement provides that our company may issue interests of each series to no more than 2,000 “qualified purchasers” (no more than 500 of which may be non-“accredited investors”). The manager, in its sole discretion, has the option to issue additional interests (in addition to those issued in connection with any offering) on the same terms as the interests of applicable series being offered hereunder as may be required from time to time in order to pay any operating expenses related to the applicable property.

Distribution Rights

The manager has sole discretion in determining what distributions of Free Cash Flow are made to interest holders except as otherwise limited by law or the operating agreement.

“Free Cash Flow” consists of the net income (as determined under GAAP), including property rental income, generated by such series plus any change in net working capital and depreciation and amortization (and any other non-cash Operating Expenses) and less any capital expenditures related to the property related to such series. The manager may maintain Free Cash Flow funds in a deposit account or an investment account for the benefit of the series.

Our company expects the manager to make distributions of any Free Cash Flow on a semi-annual basis as set forth below. However, the manager may change the timing of distributions in its sole discretion. For example, the manager may determine to hold distributions until the effective distribution amount, per investor, equals or exceeds $5.00. In this case, the manager would accrue these distributions in an escrow account to be distributed once the minimum distribution amount has been reached or exceeded. Investors will be required to update their personal information on a regular basis to make sure they receive all allocated distributions.

Any Free Cash Flow generated by a series from the utilization of the property related to such series shall be applied within the series in the following order of priority:

Payments to fulfill redemption requests under our redemption plan will also reduce funds available for distribution to remaining investors. Distributions will be paid to holders as of the record dates selected by the manager, and holders will be entitled to declared distributions on their interests from the time the interests are issued to the holder until the redemption date as described below under “⸺Redemption Plan.”

No series will distribute a property in kind to its interest holders.

The LLC Act (Section 18-607) provides that a member who receives a distribution with respect to a series and knew at the time of the distribution that the distribution was in violation of the LLC Act shall be liable to the series for the amount of the distribution for three years. Under the LLC Act, a series limited liability company may not make a distribution with respect to a series to a member if, after the distribution, all liabilities of such series, other than liabilities to members on account of their limited liability company interests with respect to such series and liabilities for which the recourse of creditors is limited to specific property of such series, would exceed the fair value of the assets of such series. For the purpose of determining the fair value of the assets of the series, the LLC Act provides that the fair value of property of the series subject to liability for which recourse of creditors is limited shall be included in the assets of such series only to the extent that the fair value of that property exceeds the nonrecourse liability. Under the LLC Act, an assignee who becomes a substituted member of a company is liable for the obligations of his assignor to make contributions to the company, except the assignee is not obligated for liabilities unknown to it at the time the assignee became a member and that could not be ascertained from the operating agreement.

Valuation Policies

Our operating agreement provides that at the end of each quarterly period (or such other period as determined by the manager in its sole discretion, but no less frequently than semi-annually), our manager’s internal accountants and asset management team will calculate a NAV per interest for each series using a process that reflects, among other matters, (1) an estimated value of the series property, as determined by the manager’s asset management team, including related liabilities, based upon (a) market rents, comparable sales information, interest rates, (b) with respect to debt, default rates and discount rates, and (c) in certain instances reports of the underlying real estate provided by an independent valuation expert or automated valuation models, (2) the price of liquid assets for which third party market quotes are available, (3) accruals of our periodic distributions on interests in the series and (4) estimated accruals of the revenues, fees and expenses of the series.

Note, however, that the determination of the NAV for the interests of each series is not based on, nor intended to comply with, fair value standards under U.S. GAAP, and such NAV may not be indicative of the price that we would receive for our assets at current market conditions. In instances where we determine that an appraisal of the series property is necessary, including, but not limited to, instances where the manager is unsure of its ability on its own to accurately determine the estimated values of such series property, or instances where third party market values for comparable properties are either nonexistent or extremely inconsistent, we will engage an appraiser that has expertise in appraising residential real estate assets, to act as our independent valuation expert. The independent valuation expert is not responsible for, nor for preparing, our NAV per interest.

As there is no market value for the interests of any series as they are not expected to be listed or traded on any stock exchange, our goal is to provide a reasonable estimate of the value of our interests on a quarterly basis (or such other periodic basis as determined by the manager in its sole discretion, but no less frequently than semi-annually). However, each series property consists of residential real estate and, as with any residential real estate valuation protocol, the conclusions reached by the manager’s asset management team or internal accountants, as the case may be, are based on a number of judgments, assumptions and opinions about future events that may or may not prove to be correct. The use of different judgments, assumptions or opinions would likely result in different estimates of the value of our series properties. In addition, for any given period, our published NAV per interest may not fully reflect certain material events, to the extent that the financial impact of such events on our portfolio is not immediately quantifiable. Note, however, that the determination of the NAV for the interests of each series is not based on, nor intended to comply with, fair value standards under U.S. GAAP, and such NAV may not be indicative of the price that we would receive for our assets at current market conditions. As a result, the calculation of each series’ NAV per interest may not reflect the precise amount that might be paid for your interests in a market transaction, and any potential disparity in each series’ NAV per interest may be in favor of either holders who redeem their interests, or holders who repurchase such interests, or existing holders. However, to the extent quantifiable, if a material event occurs in between updates of any series’ NAV per interest that would cause such NAV per interest to change by 7% or more from the last disclosed NAV per interest, we will disclose the updated price and our asset management team’s reasoning for such change in an offering circular supplement as promptly as reasonably practicable, and will update the NAV information provided on the Arrived Homes platform.

Interest Purchase Price Adjustments

Each series’ per interest purchase price will be indicated in the Series Offering Table in the column labeled “Offering Price per Interest.” Thereafter, the per interest purchase price for the series interests will initially be adjusted by the manager six months following the initial closing of the offering of interests in such series as listed in the Series Offering Table (or as soon as commercially reasonable thereafter) (the “introductory period”). Following the introductory period, the manager will adjust the per interest purchase price for each series quarterly (with exact dates to be announced) to the NAV per interest.

We will file with the SEC on a periodic basis an offering circular supplement disclosing the determination of each series’ NAV per interest that will be applicable for such period (a “pricing supplement”). We will file the pricing supplement at the beginning of such period. We will also post each series’ NAV for such period on the Arrived Homes platform. The Arrived Homes platform also will contain this offering circular, including any supplements and amendments. We will disclose, on a periodic basis in an offering circular supplement filed with the SEC, the principal valuation components of each series’ NAV.

Any subscriptions that we receive prior to the filing of the pricing supplement disclosing our NAV adjustment will be executed at the purchase price in effect at the time such subscription is received. Thus, even if settlement occurs during the following quarterly period, the purchase price for the interests will be the price in effect at the time the subscription was received.

Redemption Plan

The series interests are currently not listed on a national securities exchange or included for quotation on a national securities market, and currently there is no intention to list the series interests. In order to provide investors with some limited liquidity, we are adopting a redemption plan to enable holders to redeem their series interests in limited circumstances.

We will not solicit redemptions under this redemption plan, other than through our offering circular and any supplements or amendments thereto disclosing each series’ NAV per interest. Investors desiring to request redemption of their interests must do so of their own volition and not at our behest, invitation or encouragement.

While investors should view an investment in any series as long-term, we are adopting a redemption plan whereby, on a quarterly basis, an investor has the opportunity to obtain liquidity. Despite the illiquid nature of the assets to be held by each series, the manager believes it is best to provide the opportunity for ongoing liquidity in the event investors need it. The terms under which we may redeem interests may differ between redemption requests upon the death or “qualifying disability” of an investor (“exceptional redemptions”), as further discussed below, and all other redemption requests. Investors should note, however, that even during the introductory period or, in the case of an exceptional redemption event, the redemption plan may not be available due to the manager’s ability to amend, suspend or terminate the redemption plan at any time.

At any time after thirty (30) days following the purchase of interests, an investor may request redemption of all or any portion of the interests in accordance with the Company’s redemption plan as set forth herein. Pursuant to our redemption plan, an investor may only (a) have one outstanding redemption request at any given time and (b) request that we redeem up to the lesser of 5,000 interests or $50,000 worth of interests per redemption request. Such redemption request may be for interests in any combination of series in which such investor owns interests. In addition, the redemption plan is subject to certain liquidity limitations, which may fluctuate depending on the liquidity of any assets held in the relevant series.

The redemption plan is designed to qualify for exemption from the provisions of Rule 102(a) of Regulation M. We believe that the redemption plan will qualify for exemption from the provisions of Rule 102(a) of Regulation M because (i) there is no trading market for the series interests; (ii) we will terminate the redemption plan in the event that a secondary market for the series interests develops; (iii) we will repurchase interests under the redemption plan at a price that does not exceed the then current public offering price of the interests; (iv) the terms of the redemption plan are fully disclosed in this offering circular; and (v) except as otherwise exempted herein, we will comply with Regulation M.

During the introductory period for any series, the per interest redemption price for such series interests will be equal to the purchase price of the interests being redeemed reduced by (i) a 2% fee that will be allocated to the series and (ii) a 2% fee to be paid to the manager as compensation for administration of our redemption program. In other words, an investor would receive back their original investment amount, less 4%. For the avoidance of doubt, the terms of the redemption program during the introductory period will not be applicable to any series interests purchased upon any requalification and reoffering of such series interests greater than six months following the initial closing date listed in the Series Offering Table and will be applicable for less than six months to any series interests purchased upon any requalification and reoffering of such series interests that occurs within six months of the initial closing date.

During the post-introductory period, the per interest redemption price will be calculated in accordance with the policies set forth above under “⸺Interest Purchase Price Adjustments,” less a 2% fee to be paid to the manager as compensation for administration of our redemption program, rounded down to the nearest cent. In addition, the redemption plan is subject to certain liquidity limitations which may fluctuate depending on the liquidity of any assets held in the relevant series. During the post-introductory period, the redemption price with respect to the interests that are subject to the redemption request will not be reduced by the aggregate sum of distributions, if any, that have been (i) paid with respect to such interests prior to the date of the redemption request or (ii) declared but unpaid on such interests with record dates during the period between the redemption request date and the redemption date.

The effective redemption price will not include any reduction of the per interest redemption price for our series interests in effect at the time of the redemption request in respect of redemptions of interests resulting from the death of an investor who is a natural person, including interests held by such investor through a revocable grantor trust or an IRA or other retirement or profit-sharing plan, after receiving written notice from the estate of the investor, the recipient of the interests through bequest or inheritance, or, in the case of a revocable grantor trust, the trustee of such trust, who shall have the sole ability to request redemption on behalf of the trust. We must receive the written redemption request within 12 months after the death of the investor in order for the requesting party to rely on any of the special treatment described above that may be afforded in the event of the death of an investor. Such a written request must be accompanied by a certified copy of the official death certificate of the investor. If the investor is not a natural person, such as certain trusts or a partnership, corporation or other similar entity, the right of redemption upon death does not apply.

Furthermore, as noted above, the effective redemption price will not include any reduction of the per interest redemption price for our series interests in effect at the time of the redemption request in respect of redemptions of interests held by an investor who is a natural person who is deemed to have a “qualifying disability” (as such term is defined in Section 72(m)(7) of the Code), including interests held by such investor through a revocable grantor trust, or an IRA or other retirement or profit-sharing plan, after receiving written notice from such investor, provided that the condition causing the qualifying disability was not pre-existing on the date that the investor became an investor. We must receive the written redemption request within 12 months of the initial determination of the investor’s disability in order for the investor to rely on any of the waivers described above that may be granted in the event of the disability of an investor. If the investor is not a natural person, such as certain trusts or a partnership, corporation or other similar entity, the right of redemption upon disability does not apply.

We have the right to monitor the trading patterns of investors and we reserve the right to reject any purchase or redemption transaction at any time based on what we deem to be a pattern of excessive, abusive or short-term trading. We expect that there will be no regular secondary trading market for our series interests. However, in the event a secondary market for our interests develops, we will terminate our redemption plan.

Redemption of our series interests will be made quarterly (with exact dates to be announced) upon written request to be generated through the Arrived Homes platform to us within seven (7) days following the end of the quarter. The manager intends to remit the redemption price within ten (10) business days (but generally no more than five (5) business days) of receipt of the request.

We cannot guarantee that the funds set aside for the redemption plan will be sufficient to accommodate all requests. In the event the manager determines, in its sole discretion, that a particular series does not have sufficient funds available to redeem all of the interests of such series for which redemption requests have been submitted with respect to any given quarter, such pending requests will be honored on a pro-rata basis, if at all. In the event that not all redemptions are being honored in a given quarter, the redemption requests not fully honored will have the remaining amount of such redemption requests considered following the next quarter in which redemptions are being honored. Accordingly, all unsatisfied redemption requests will be treated as requests for redemption on the next date on which redemptions are being honored, with redemptions being processed pro-rata, if at all. If funds available for the redemption plan are not sufficient to accommodate all redemption requests on such future redemption date, interests in the relevant series will be redeemed on a pro-rata basis, if at all.

We intend to limit shareholders to one redemption request outstanding at any given time, meaning that, if an investor desires to request more or fewer interests be redeemed, such investor must first withdraw the first redemption request. For investors who hold interests in a particular series with more than one record date, redemption requests will be applied to such interests in the order in which they settled, on a first in first out basis – meaning, those interests that have been continuously held for the longest amount of time will be redeemed first. In addition, we intend to limit investors to redemption requests of no more than 5,000 interests or $50,000 worth of interests, whichever is less. However, we reserve the right to waive these limitations for any reason. Such redemption requests may be for any combination of interests in series in which such investor owns interests.

In light of the SEC’s current guidance on redemption plans, we generally intend to limit redemptions in any calendar quarter to interests whose aggregate value (based on the repurchase price per interest in effect as of the redemption date) is 2.50% of the last published NAV of all of our outstanding series interests as of first day of the last month of such calendar quarter (e.g., March 1, June 1, September 1, or December 1), with excess capacity carried over to later calendar quarters in that calendar year. However, as we intend to make a number of residential real estate investments, the manager may elect to increase or decrease the number of series interests available for redemption in any given month, as these real estate assets are paid off or sold, but we generally do not intend to redeem more than 10.00% of the series interests outstanding during any calendar year. Notwithstanding the foregoing, we are not obligated to redeem series interests under the redemption plan.

In addition, the manager may, in its sole discretion, amend, suspend or terminate the redemption plan for any series at any time and for any reason with fourteen (14) days’ prior notice, including to protect our operations and our non-redeemed investors, to prevent an undue burden on our liquidity, to preserve our tax status, if such redemption will affect the series’ status as a REIT, following any material decrease in any series’ NAV or for any other reason. Material modifications, including any reduction to the quarterly limitation on repurchases, and suspensions or terminations of the redemption plan, will be promptly disclosed in a supplement, as well as on our website. Therefore, you may not have the opportunity to make a redemption request prior to any potential termination of our redemption plan. However, in the event that we amend, suspend or terminate our redemption plan, we will file an offering circular supplement and/or Form 1-U, as appropriate, and post such information on the Arrived Homes platform to disclose such amendment.

Registration Rights

There are no registration rights in respect of the interests.

Voting Rights

The manager is not required to hold an annual meeting of interest holders. The operating agreement provides that meetings of interest holders may be called by the manager and a designee of the manager shall act as chairman at such meetings. The investor does not have any voting rights as an interest holder in our company or a series except with respect to:

When entitled to vote on a matter, each interest holder will be entitled to one vote per interest held by it on all matters submitted to a vote of the interest holders of an applicable series or of the interest holders of all series of our company, as applicable. The removal of the manager as manager of our company and all series must be approved by a Super Majority Vote, that is, an affirmative vote of holders of interests of all series representing at least two thirds of the total votes that may be cast by all outstanding interests, voting together as a single class. All other matters to be voted on by the interest holders must be approved by a majority of the votes cast by interest holders in any series of our company present in person or represented by proxy. Each outstanding interest entitles the holder to one vote on all matters submitted to a vote of series interest holders until the redemption date as described above under “⸺Redemption Plan.”

The consent of the holders of a majority of the interests of a series is required for any amendment to the operating agreement that would adversely change the rights of the interest holders in such series, result in mergers, consolidations or conversions of such series and for any other matter as the manager, in its sole discretion, determines will require the approval of the holders of the interests of a series voting as a separate class.

The manager or its affiliates (if they hold series interests) may not vote as an interest holder in respect of any matter put to the interest holders. However, the submission of any action of our company or a series for a vote of the interest holders shall first be approved by the manager and no amendment to the operating agreement may be made without the prior approval of the manager that would decrease the rights of the manager or increase the obligations of the manager thereunder.

The manager has broad authority to take action with respect to our company and any series. See “Management” for more information. Except as set forth above, the manager may amend the operating agreement without the approval of the interest holders to, among other things, reflect the following:

In each case, the manager may make such amendments to the operating agreement provided the manager determines that those amendments:

Furthermore, the manager retains sole discretion to create and set the terms of any new series and will have the sole power to acquire, manage and dispose of property of each series.

Liquidation Rights

The operating agreement provides that our company shall remain in existence until the earlier of the following: (i) the election of the manager to dissolve it; (ii) the sale, exchange or other disposition of substantially all of the assets of our company; (iii) the entry of a decree of judicial dissolution of our company; (iv) at any time that our company no longer has any members, unless the business is continued in accordance with the LLC Act; and (v) a vote by a majority of all interest holders of our company following the for-cause removal of the manager. Under no circumstances may our company be wound up in accordance with Section 18-801(a)(3) of the LLC Act (i.e., the vote of members who hold more than two-thirds of the interests in the profits of our company).

A series shall remain in existence until the earlier of the following: (i) the dissolution of our company; (ii) the election of the manager to dissolve such series; (iii) the sale, exchange or other disposition of substantially all of the assets of the series; or (iv) at any time that the series no longer has any members, unless the business is continued in accordance with the LLC Act. Under no circumstances may a series be wound up in accordance with Section 18-801(a)(3) of the LLC Act (i.e., the vote of members holding more than two-thirds of the interests in the profits of the series).

Upon the occurrence of any such event, the manager (or a liquidator selected by the manager) is charged with winding up the affairs of the series or our company as a whole, as applicable, and liquidating its assets. Upon the liquidation of a series or our company as a whole, as applicable, the property will be liquidated and any after-tax proceeds distributed: (i) first, to any third party creditors, (ii) second, to any creditors that are the manager or its affiliates (e.g., payment of any outstanding Operating Expenses Reimbursement Obligation (as defined in the operating agreement)) and, thereafter, (iii) to the interest holders of the relevant series, allocated pro rata based on the number of interests held by each interest holder (which may include the manager, any of its affiliates and sellers of the properties and which distribution within a series will be made consistent with any preferences which exist within such series).

Restrictions on Ownership and Transfer

The interests of each series are subject to restrictions on transferability. An interest holder may not transfer, assign or pledge its interests without the consent of the manager. The manager may withhold consent in its sole discretion, including when the manager determines that such transfer, assignment or pledge would result in (a) there being more than 2,000 beneficial owners of the series or more than 500 beneficial owners of the series that are not “accredited investors,” (b) the assets of the series being deemed “plan assets” for purposes of ERISA, (c) such interest holder holding in excess of 9.8% of the series, (d) a change of US federal income tax treatment of our company or the series, or (e) our company, the series or the manager being subject to additional regulatory requirements. The transferring interest holder is responsible for all costs and expenses arising in connection with any proposed transfer (regardless of whether such transfer is completed) including any legal fees incurred by our company or any broker or dealer, any costs or expenses in connection with any opinion of counsel and any transfer taxes and filing fees. The manager or its affiliates will acquire interests in each series for their own accounts and may, from time to time and only in accordance with applicable securities laws (which may include filing an amendment to this offering circular), transfer these interests, either directly or through brokers, via the Arrived Homes platform or otherwise.

Additionally, unless and until the interests of our company are listed or quoted for trading, there are restrictions on the holder’s ability to pledge or transfer the interests. There can be no assurance that we will, or will be able to, register the interests for resale and there can be no guarantee that a liquid market for the interests will develop. Therefore, investors may be required to hold their interests indefinitely. Please refer to the operating agreement and the subscription agreement for additional information regarding these restrictions. To the extent certificated, the interests issued in each offering will bear a legend setting forth these restrictions on transfer and any legends required by state securities laws.

Restrictions of Transfers related to REIT Qualification

In order for us to qualify as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code, interests of each series must be owned by 100 or more persons during at least 335 days of a taxable year of 12 months (other than the first year for which an election to be taxed as a REIT has been made) or during a proportionate part of a shorter taxable year. Also, under Section 856(h) of the Internal Revenue Code, a REIT cannot be “closely held.” In this regard, not more than 50% of the value of a series interests may be owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals (as defined in the Internal Revenue Code to include certain entities) during the last half of a taxable year (other than the first year for which an election to be a REIT has been made). See the section entitled “U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations” in this offering circular for further discussion on this topic.

The relevant sections of the operating agreement provide that, after the completion of an offering of a series interests and subject to the exceptions described below, no person or entity may own, or be deemed to own, by virtue of the applicable constructive ownership provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, more than 9.8% (in value or number of interests, whichever is more restrictive) of the aggregate of our outstanding interests or total capital stock or more than 9.8% (in value or number of interests, whichever is more restrictive) of a series interests; we refer to these limitations as the “ownership limits.”

The constructive ownership rules under the Internal Revenue Code are complex and may cause interests actually or constructively by a group of related individuals or entities to be owned constructively by one individual or entity. As a result, the acquisition of less than 9.8% in value of the aggregate of our outstanding interests or total capital stock of a series and 9.8% (in value or in number of interests, whichever is more restrictive) of any series (or the acquisition of an interest in an entity that owns, actually or constructively, stock by an individual or entity) could, nevertheless, cause that individual or entity, or another individual or entity, to violate the ownership limits.

Our manager may, upon receipt of certain representations, undertakings and agreements and in its sole discretion, exempt (prospectively or retroactively) any person from the ownership limits and establish a different limit, or excepted holder limit, for a particular person if the person’s ownership in excess of the ownership limits will not then or in the future result in us failing the “closely held” test under Section 856(h) of the Internal Revenue Code (without regard to whether the person’s interest is held during the last half of a taxable year) or otherwise cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT. In order to be considered by our manager for exemption, a person also must not own, actually or constructively, an interest in one of our tenants (or a tenant of any entity which we own or control) that would cause us to own, actually or constructively, more than a 9.9% interest in the tenant unless the revenue derived by us from such tenant is sufficiently small that, in the opinion of our manager, rent from such tenant would not adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT. The person seeking an exemption must provide such representations and undertakings to the satisfaction of our manager that it will not violate these two restrictions. The person also must agree that any violation or attempted violation of these restrictions will result in the automatic transfer to a trust of the interests causing the violation. As a condition of granting an exemption or creating an excepted holder limit, our manager may, but is not be required to, obtain an opinion of counsel or private ruling from the Service satisfactory to our manager with respect to our qualification as a REIT and may impose such other conditions or restrictions as it deems appropriate.

In connection with granting an exemption from the ownership limits or establishing an excepted holder limit or at any other time, our manager may increase or decrease the ownership limits. Any decrease in the ownership limits will not be effective for any person whose percentage ownership of a series interests is in excess of such decreased limits until such person’s percentage ownership of the series interests equals or falls below such decreased limits (other than a decrease as a result of a retroactive change in existing law, which will be effective immediately), but any further acquisition of the series’ interests in excess of such percentage ownership will be in violation of the applicable limits. Our manager may not increase or decrease the ownership limits if, after giving effect to such increase or decrease, five or fewer persons could beneficially own or constructively own in the aggregate more than 49.9% in value of the interests of a series then outstanding. Prior to any modification of the ownership limits, our manager may require such opinions of counsel, affidavits, undertakings or agreements as it may deem necessary or advisable in order to determine or ensure our qualification as a REIT.

The operating agreement further prohibits:

Any person who acquires or attempts or intends to acquire beneficial or constructive ownership of a series’ interests that will or may violate the ownership limits or any of the other foregoing restrictions on ownership and transfer of a series interests will be required to immediately give written notice to us or, in the case of a proposed or attempted transaction, give at least 15 days’ prior written notice to us, and provide us with such other information as we may request in order to determine the effect of such transfer on our qualification as a REIT. The ownership limits and the other restrictions on ownership and transfer of a series interests will not apply if our manager determines that it is no longer in our best interests to continue to qualify as a REIT or that compliance with the restrictions on ownership and transfer of our interests is no longer required in order for us to qualify as a REIT.

If any transfer of a series interests would result in the series interests being beneficially owned by fewer than 100 persons, such transfer will be void from the time of such purported transfer and the intended transferee will acquire no rights in such interests. In addition, if any purported transfer of a series interests or any other event would otherwise result in any person violating the ownership limits or such other limit established by our board of directors, our board of directors may take such action as it deems advisable to refuse to give effect to or to prevent such transfer, including, but not limited to, causing us to redeem interests, refusing to give effect to the transfer on our books or instituting proceedings to enjoin the transfer.

Every owner of more than 5% (or such lower percentage as required by the Internal Revenue Code or the regulations promulgated thereunder) of the outstanding interests of a series, will be required to give written notice to us within 30 days after the end of each taxable year stating the name and address of such owner, the number of interests that the person beneficially owns and a description of the manner in which such interests are held. Each such owner will be required to provide to us such additional information as we may request in order to determine the effect, if any, of such beneficial ownership on our qualification as a REIT and to ensure compliance with the ownership limits. In addition, each will, upon demand, be required to provide to us such information as we may request, in good faith, in order to determine our qualification as a REIT and to comply with the requirements of any taxing authority or governmental authority or to determine such compliance.

These restrictions on ownership and transfer of our interests could delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change in control that might involve a premium price for our interests or otherwise be in the best interest of our investors.

Agreement to be Bound by the Operating Agreement; Power of Attorney

By purchasing interests, the investor will be admitted as a member of our company and will be bound by the provisions of, and deemed to be a party to, the operating agreement. Pursuant to the operating agreement, each investor grants to the manager a power of attorney to, among other things, execute and file documents required for our company’s qualification, continuance or dissolution. The power of attorney also grants the manager the authority to make certain amendments to, and to execute and deliver such other documents as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the provisions or purposes of, the operating agreement.

Duties of Officers

The operating agreement provides that, except as may otherwise be provided by the operating agreement, the property, affairs and business of each series will be managed under the direction of the manager. The manager has the power to appoint the officers and such officers have the authority to exercise the powers and perform the duties specified in the operating agreement or as may be specified by the manager.

Our company may decide to enter into separate indemnification agreements with the directors and officers of our company or the manager. If entered into, each indemnification agreement is likely to provide, among other things, for indemnification to the fullest extent permitted by law and the operating agreement against any and all expenses, judgments, fines, penalties and amounts paid in settlement of any claim. The indemnification agreements may also provide for the advancement or payment of all expenses to the indemnitee and for reimbursement to our company if it is found that such indemnitee is not entitled to such indemnification under applicable law and the operating agreement.

Exclusive Jurisdiction; Waiver of Jury Trial; Federal Securities Law Exceptions

Any dispute in relation to the operating agreement is subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, except where federal securities laws allow or require that certain claims be brought in federal courts, as in the case of claims brought under the Exchange Act. Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. As a result, the exclusive forum provisions in the operating agreement will not apply to suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. Furthermore, Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. As a result, the exclusive forum provisions in the operating agreement will not apply to suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or any other claim for which the federal and state courts have concurrent jurisdiction, and investors will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

Each will covenant and agree not to bring any claim in any venue other than the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, or if required or permitted by applicable federal law, a federal court of the United States. If an interest holder were to bring a claim against our company or the manager pursuant to the operating agreement and such claim were governed by state law, it would have to bring such claim in the Delaware Court of Chancery.

The operating agreement, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law and subject to limited exceptions, provides for investors to consent to exclusive jurisdiction of the Delaware Court of Chancery and for a waiver of the right to a trial by jury, if such waiver is allowed by the court where the claim is brought. The exclusive forum provisions spelled out in the operating agreement will not apply to suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.

If we opposed a jury trial demand based on the waiver, the court would determine whether the waiver was enforceable under the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with applicable case law. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related of Ownership of Our interests--Any dispute in relation to the operating agreement is subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, except where federal law requires that certain claims be brought in federal courts. The operating agreement, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, provides for investors to waive their right to a jury trial.” Nevertheless, if this jury trial waiver provision is not permitted by applicable law, an action could proceed under the terms of the operating agreement with a jury trial. No condition, stipulation or provision of the operating agreement or our interests serves as a waiver by any or beneficial owner of our interests or by us of compliance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. Additionally, our company does not believe that claims under the federal securities laws shall be subject to the jury trial waiver provision, and our company believes that the provision does not impact the rights of any or beneficial owner of our interests to bring claims under the federal securities laws or the rules and regulations thereunder.

These provisions apply to investors who purchase interests in the series offerings directly from our company as well as to purchasers who may buy series interests in the secondary market, as they, as well, will become series members whose rights vis a vis the interests will be governed according to the terms of the operating agreement

Listing

The interests are not currently listed or quoted for trading on any national securities exchange, national quotation system or alternative trading system.

U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS

The following is a summary of certain U.S. federal income tax considerations relating to each of the series’ qualification and taxation as a REIT and the acquisition, holding, and disposition of interests. For purposes of this section, references to “we,” “us” or “our company” means each of the series, individually, except as otherwise indicated. This summary is based upon the Internal Revenue Code, the regulations promulgated by the U.S. Treasury Department, current administrative interpretations and practices of the IRS (including administrative interpretations and practices expressed in private letter rulings which are binding on the IRS only with respect to the particular taxpayers who requested and received those rulings) and judicial decisions, all as currently in effect and all of which are subject to differing interpretations or to change, possibly with retroactive effect. No assurance can be given that the IRS would not assert, or that a court would not sustain, a position contrary to any of the tax considerations described below. No advance ruling has been or will be sought from the IRS regarding any matter discussed in this summary. The summary is also based upon the assumption that the operation of our company, and of any subsidiaries and other lower-tier affiliated entities, will be in accordance with its applicable organizational documents and as described in this offering circular. This summary is for general information only, and does not purport to discuss all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be important to a particular in light of its investment or tax circumstances or to investors subject to special tax rules, such as:

Except to a limited extent noted below, this summary does not address state, local or non-U.S. tax considerations. This summary assumes that investors will hold our interests as capital assets, within the meaning of Section 1221 of the Internal Revenue Code, which generally means as property held for investment.

For the purposes of this summary, a U.S. person is a beneficial owner of our interests who for U.S. federal income tax purposes is:

For the purposes of this summary, a U.S. investor is a beneficial owner of our interests who is a U.S. person. A tax exempt organization is a U.S. person who is exempt from U.S. federal income tax under Section 401(a) or 501(a) of the Internal Revenue Code. For the purposes of this summary, a non-U.S. person is a beneficial owner of our interests who is a nonresident alien individual or a non-U.S. corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and a non-U.S. investor is a beneficial owner of our interests who is a non-U.S. person. The term “corporation” includes any entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and the term “partnership” includes any entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

The information in this section is based on the current Code, current, temporary and proposed Treasury Regulations, the legislative history of the Internal Revenue Code, current administrative interpretations and practices of the IRS, including its practices and policies as endorsed in private letter rulings, which are not binding on the IRS except in the case of the taxpayer to whom a private letter ruling is addressed, and existing court decisions. Future legislation, regulations, administrative interpretations and court decisions could change current law or adversely affect existing interpretations of current law, possibly with retroactive effect. Any change could apply retroactively. We have not obtained any rulings from the IRS concerning the tax treatment of the matters discussed below. Thus, it is possible that the IRS could challenge the statements in this discussion that do not bind the IRS or the courts and that a court could agree with the IRS.

THE U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX TREATMENT OF HOLDERS OF OUR INTERESTS DEPENDS IN SOME INSTANCES ON DETERMINATIONS OF FACT AND INTERPRETATIONS OF COMPLEX PROVISIONS OF U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX LAW FOR WHICH NO CLEAR PRECEDENT OR AUTHORITY MAY BE AVAILABLE. IN ADDITION, THE TAX CONSEQUENCES OF HOLDING OUR INTERESTS TO ANY PARTICULAR INVESTOR WILL DEPEND ON THE INVESTOR’S PARTICULAR TAX CIRCUMSTANCES. YOU ARE URGED TO CONSULT YOUR TAX ADVISOR REGARDING THE U.S. FEDERAL, STATE, LOCAL, AND NON-U.S. INCOME AND OTHER TAX CONSEQUENCES TO YOU, IN LIGHT OF YOUR PARTICULAR INVESTMENT OR TAX CIRCUMSTANCES, OF ACQUIRING, HOLDING, AND DISPOSING OF OUR INTERESTS.

Taxation of Our Company

We intend to elect to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code, commencing with the taxable year ending December 31, 2022. A REIT generally is not subject to U.S. federal income tax on the income that it distributes to its investors if it meets the applicable REIT distribution and other requirements for qualification. We believe that we will be organized, owned and operated in conformity with the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code, and that our proposed ownership, organization and method of operation will enable us to meet the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code. However, given the highly complex nature of the rules governing REITs, the ongoing importance of factual determinations (including with respect to matters that we may not control or for which it is not possible to obtain all the relevant facts) and the possibility of future changes in our circumstances or applicable law, no assurance can be given by us that we will so qualify for any particular year or that the IRS will not challenge our conclusions with respect to our satisfaction of the REIT requirements.

Qualification and taxation as a REIT depends on our ability to meet, on a continuing basis, through actual results of operations, distribution levels, diversity of share ownership and various qualification requirements imposed upon REITs by the Internal Revenue Code, discussed below. In addition, our ability to qualify as a REIT may depend in part upon the operating results, organizational structure and entity classification for U.S. federal income tax purposes of certain entities in which we invest, which we may not control. Our ability to qualify as a REIT also requires that we satisfy certain asset and income tests, some of which depend upon the fair market values of assets directly or indirectly owned by us. Such values may not be susceptible to a precise determination. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that the actual results of our operations for any taxable year will satisfy the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT.

Taxation of REITs in General

Provided that we qualify as a REIT, we will generally be entitled to a deduction for dividends that we pay and, therefore, will not be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on our net taxable income that is currently distributed to our investors. This treatment substantially eliminates the “double taxation” at the corporate and individual levels that results generally from investment in a corporation. Rather, income generated by a REIT is generally taxed only at the individual level, upon a distribution of dividends by the REIT.

Even if we qualify for taxation as a REIT, we will be subject to U.S. federal income taxation as follows:

No assurance can be given that the amount of any such U.S. federal income or excise taxes will not be substantial. In addition, we may be subject to a variety of taxes other than U.S. federal income tax, including state, local, and non-U.S. income, franchise property and other taxes. We could also be subject to tax in situations and on transactions not presently contemplated.

Requirements for Qualification as a REIT

We intend to elect to be taxable as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes for our taxable year ending December 31, 2022 and for all subsequent taxable years. In order to be so qualified, we must meet and continue to meet the requirements discussed below (or as in effect for prior years), relating to our organization, ownership, sources of income, nature of assets and distributions of income to investors.

The Internal Revenue Code defines a REIT as a corporation, trust or association:

For purposes of condition (1), “directors” generally means persons treated as “directors” for purposes of the Investment Company Act, which we believe includes the manager. Our interests are generally freely transferable, and we believe that the restrictions on ownership and transfers of our interests do not prevent us from satisfying condition (2). We believe that the interests sold in our series offerings will allow us to timely comply with condition (6). However, depending on the number of investors who subscribe for interests in a series offering and the timing of subscriptions, we may need to conduct an additional offering of a series’ interests to timely comply with (5). For purposes of determining stock ownership under condition (6) above, a certain stock bonus, pension, or profit sharing plan, a supplemental unemployment compensation benefits plan, a private foundation and a portion of a trust permanently set aside or used exclusively for charitable purposes generally are each considered an individual. A trust that is a qualified trust under Code Section 401(a) generally is not considered an individual, and beneficiaries of a qualified trust generally are treated as holding interests of a REIT in proportion to their actuarial interests in the trust for purposes of condition (6) above.

To monitor compliance with our ownership requirements, we are generally required to maintain records regarding the actual ownership of our interests. Provided we comply with these recordkeeping requirements and that we would not otherwise have reason to believe we fail the 5/50 Test after exercising reasonable diligence, we will be deemed to have satisfied the 5/50 Test. In addition, the operating agreement provides restrictions regarding the ownership and transfer of our interests, which are intended to assist us in satisfying the ownership requirements described above.

For purposes of condition (9) above, we will use a calendar year for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and we intend to comply with the applicable recordkeeping requirements.

Effect of Subsidiary Entities

Ownership of Partnership Interests

In the case of a REIT that is a partner in an entity that is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the REIT is deemed to own its proportionate share of the partnership’s assets and to earn its proportionate share of the partnership’s gross income based on its pro rata share of capital interests in the partnership for purposes of the asset and gross income tests applicable to REITs, as described below. However, solely for purposes of the 10% value test, described below, the determination of a REIT’s interest in partnership assets will be based on the REIT’s proportionate interest in any securities issued by the partnership, excluding for these purposes, certain excluded securities as described in the Internal Revenue Code. For purposes of determining the amount of the REIT’s taxable income that must be distributed, or is subject to tax, the REIT’s share of partnership income is determined under the partnership tax provisions of the Internal Revenue Code and will reflect any special allocations of income or loss that are not in proportion to capital interests. Income earned through partnerships retains its character for U.S. federal income tax purposes when allocated among its partners. We intend to obtain covenants from any partnerships in which we invest but do not control to operate in compliance with the REIT requirements, but we may not control any particular partnership into which we invest, and thus no assurance can be given that any such partnerships will not operate in a manner that causes us to fail an income or asset test requirement. In general, partnerships are not subject to U.S. federal income tax. However, if a partnership in which we invest is audited, it may be required to pay the hypothetical increase in partner level taxes (including interest and penalties) resulting from an adjustment of partnership tax items on the audit, unless the partnership elects an alternative method under which the taxes resulting from the adjustment (and interest and penalties) are assessed at the partner level. It is possible that partnerships in which we directly and indirectly invest may be subject to U.S. federal income tax, interest and penalties in the event of a U.S. federal income tax audit.

Disregarded Subsidiaries

If a REIT owns a corporate subsidiary that is a “qualified REIT subsidiary,” that subsidiary is disregarded for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and all assets, liabilities and items of income, deduction and credit of the subsidiary are treated as assets, liabilities and items of income, deduction and credit of the REIT itself, including for purposes of the gross income and asset tests applicable to REITs, as summarized below. A qualified REIT subsidiary is any corporation, other than a TRS, that is wholly owned by a REIT, by other disregarded subsidiaries of a REIT or by a combination of the two. Single member limited liability companies or other domestic unincorporated entities that are wholly owned by a REIT are also generally disregarded as separate entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes, including for purposes of the REIT gross income and asset tests unless they elect TRS status. Disregarded subsidiaries, along with partnerships in which we hold an equity interest, are sometimes referred to herein as “pass-through subsidiaries.”

In the event that a disregarded subsidiary ceases to be wholly owned by us (for example, if any equity interest in the subsidiary is acquired by a person other than us or another disregarded subsidiary of ours), the subsidiary’s separate existence would no longer be disregarded for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Instead, it would have multiple owners and would be treated as either a partnership or a taxable corporation. Such an event could, depending on the circumstances, adversely affect our ability to satisfy the various asset and gross income tests applicable to REITs, including the requirement that REITs generally may not own, directly or indirectly, more than 10% of the value or voting power of the outstanding securities of another corporation. See “—Asset Tests” and “—Gross Income Tests.”

Taxable REIT Subsidiaries

A REIT, in general, may jointly elect with a subsidiary corporation, whether or not wholly owned, to treat the subsidiary corporation as a TRS. The separate existence of a TRS or other taxable corporation, unlike a disregarded subsidiary as discussed above, is not ignored for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Accordingly, such an entity would generally be subject to U.S. federal income tax on its taxable income, which may reduce the cash flow generated by us and our subsidiaries in the aggregate and our ability to make distributions to our investors.

A REIT is not treated as holding the assets of a TRS or other taxable subsidiary corporation or as receiving any income that the subsidiary earns. Rather, the stock issued by the subsidiary is an asset in the hands of the REIT, and the REIT generally recognizes dividend income when it receives distributions of earnings from the subsidiary. This treatment can affect the gross income and asset test calculations that apply to the REIT, as described below. Because a parent REIT does not include the assets and income of its TRSs in determining the parent REIT’s compliance with the REIT requirements, such entities may be used by the parent REIT to undertake indirectly activities that the REIT rules might otherwise preclude the parent REIT from doing directly or through pass-through subsidiaries. If dividends are paid to us by one or more domestic TRSs we may own, then a portion of the dividends that we distribute to investors who are taxed at individual rates generally will be eligible for taxation at preferential qualified dividend income tax rates rather than at ordinary income rates. See “—Taxation of Taxable U.S. investors” and “—Annual Distribution Requirements.”

We may hold certain investments through one or more TRSs. While we intend to manage the size of our TRSs and dividends from our TRSs in a manner that permits us to qualify as a REIT, it is possible that the equity investments appreciate to the point where our TRSs exceed the thresholds mandated by the REIT rules. In such cases, we could lose our REIT status if we are unable to satisfy certain exceptions for failing to satisfy the REIT income and asset tests. In any event, any earnings attributable to equity interests held in TRSs or origination activity conducted by TRSs will be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax.

Gross Income Tests

In order to maintain our qualification as a REIT, we annually must satisfy two gross income tests. First, at least 75% of our gross income for each taxable year, excluding gross income from sales of inventory or dealer property in “prohibited transactions” and certain hedging and foreign currency transactions, must be derived from investments relating to real property or mortgages on real property, including “rents from real property,” dividends received from and gains from the disposition of other interests of REITs, interest income derived from mortgage loans secured by real property or by interests in real property, and gains from the sale of real estate assets, including personal property treated as real estate assets, as discussed below (but not including certain debt instruments of publicly-offered REITs that are not secured by mortgages on real property or interests in real property), as well as income from certain kinds of temporary investments. interest and gain on debt instruments issued by publicly offered REITs that are not secured by mortgages on real property or interests in real property are not qualifying income for purposes of the 75% income test. Second, at least 95% of our gross income in each taxable year, excluding gross income from prohibited transactions and certain hedging and foreign currency transactions, must be derived from some combination of income that qualifies under the 75% income test described above, as well as other dividends, interest, and gain from the sale or disposition of stock or securities, which need not have any relation to real property.

Hedging Transactions

We may enter into hedging transactions with respect to one or more of our assets or liabilities. Hedging transactions could take a variety of forms, including interest rate swap agreements, interest rate cap agreements, options, forward rate agreements or similar financial instruments. Except to the extent provided by Treasury Regulations, any income from a hedging transaction, including gain from the sale or disposition of such a transaction, will not constitute gross income for purposes of the 75% or 95% gross income test if (i) we enter into the hedging transaction in the normal course of business primarily to manage risk of interest rate or price changes or currency fluctuations with respect to borrowings made or to be made, or ordinary obligations incurred or to be incurred, to acquire or carry real estate assets, and the hedge is clearly identified as specified in Treasury regulations before the close of the day on which it was acquired, originated, or entered into, (ii) we enter into the hedging transaction primarily to manage risk of currency fluctuations with respect to any item of income or gain that would be qualifying income under the 75% or 95% gross income tests and the hedge is clearly identified as such before the close of the day on which it was acquired, originated, or entered into, or (iii) we enter into the hedging transaction that hedges against transactions described in clause (i) or (ii) and is entered into in connection with the extinguishment of debt or sale of property that are being hedged against by the transactions described in clauses (i) or (ii) and the hedge complies with certain identification requirements. To the extent that we enter into other types of hedging transactions, including hedges of interest rates on debt we acquire as assets, or do not make proper tax identifications, as applicable, the income from those transactions is likely to be treated as non-qualifying income for purposes of both of the 75% and 95% gross income tests. We intend to structure any hedging transactions in a manner that does not jeopardize its qualification as a REIT. No assurances can be given, however, that our hedging activities will not give rise to income that does not qualify for purposes of either or both of the gross income tests and that such income will not adversely affect our ability to satisfy the REIT qualification requirements.

Rents from Real Property

We expect to acquire interests in real property (through majority-owned subsidiaries with rights to receive preferred economic returns) and may acquire other interests in real property (including equity participations). However, to the extent that we own real property or interests therein, rents we receive qualify as “rents from real property” in satisfying the gross income tests described above, only if several conditions are met, including the following. If rent attributable to personal property leased in connection with a lease of real property is greater than 15% of the total rent received under any particular lease (determined based on the fair market values as of the beginning and end of the taxable year), then all of the rent attributable to such personal property will not qualify as rents from real property. The determination of whether an item of personal property constitutes real or personal property under the REIT provisions of the Internal Revenue Code is subject to both legal and factual considerations and, therefore, can be subject to different interpretations.

In addition, in order for rents received by us to qualify as “rents from real property,” the rent must not be based in whole or in part on the income or profits derived by any person from such real property. However, an amount will not be excluded from rents from real property solely by reason of being based on a fixed percentage or percentages of sales or if it is based on the net income of a tenant which derives substantially all of its income with respect to such property from subleasing of substantially all of such property, to the extent that the rents paid by the subtenants would qualify as rents from real property, if earned directly by us. Moreover, for rents received to qualify as “rents from real property,” we generally must not furnish or render certain services to the tenants of such property, other than through an “independent contractor” who is adequately compensated and from which we derive no income or through a TRS. We are permitted, however, to perform services that are “usually or customarily rendered” in connection with the rental of space for occupancy only and are not otherwise considered rendered to the occupant of the property. In addition, we may directly or indirectly provide non-customary services to tenants of our properties without disqualifying all of the rent from the property if the payment for such services or, if greater, 150% of our cost of providing such services, does not exceed 1% of the total gross income from the property. In such a case, only the amounts for non-customary services are not treated as rents from real property and the provision of the services does not disqualify the related rent.

Rental income will qualify as rents from real property only to the extent that we do not directly or constructively own, (1) in the case of any tenant which is a corporation, stock possessing 10% or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote, or 10% or more of the total value of interests of all classes of stock of such tenant, or (2) in the case of any tenant which is not a corporation, an interest of 10% or more in the assets or net profits of such tenant.